My Interest in Law :: Law College Admissions Essays

My Interest in Law My interest in reading law stems from an early exposure to the subject. I sometimes accompanied my grandfather to courts and was quick to later on imitate the inquisitive, argumentative, critical as well as negotiating characters of lawyers. Eventually, I decided I would become one. My chosen subjects have always reflected this decision and in my years 10 and 11, I won the Best-in-History award, while being highly competitive in English Language and Literature, Government and Religious Studies. At my A-Level stage, I thoroughly enjoy the research, analysis and writing that goes on in my chosen subjects of English Literature, economic science & Business Studies, Politics and Theology, most especially the latter two. Securing a work experience placement with Withers Solicitors, London enabled me to interact with solicitors and gain an insight to conglomerate aspects of the legal profession such as will drafting and family law. This increased my anxiety to study law. During my last spring holiday (April 2001), I got a telephone circuit working as a receptionist in Chalk Hill Heath Centre, Wembley, London. Apart from the dignity of labour I gained from doing the work, the experience of working with a large-minded variety of patients including the obdurate has better my communication skills. My participation in the Model United Nations (MUN) meetings elude by some schools in Europe and the USA has improved my debating skills, public speaking and helped me to cultivate the habit of researching as well as negotiating. These qualities are essential in the study and practise of law. In the Belfast 2001 MUN conference my delegation received the Commended Delegation award due to our hardwork and team effort. With my reputation as a morally upright student, I was appointed to the highly responsible invest of Anglican Chapel Prefect of my school from May 1999 to June 2000 and my task included mobilising students to attend worship on Sundays , as well as assisting other school prefects to run the school. My good communication skills helped to elect me to the office of the Secretary-General of the Photography Club from September 1999 to June 2000, during which I was responsible for minuting meetings and organising club activities. I co-organised a successful Afro-Caribbean Night at my school last May by which we raised seven hundred pounds for Hope and Homes Charity Organisation. At present I am a signal Prefect.

Analysis of the immigration problem :: essays research papers

Analysis of the Immigration ProblemThe world has gone through a revolution and it has changed a lot. We have cut the finale sets around the world with modern medicine and new farming methods. For example, we sprayed to destroy mosquitoes in Sri Lanka in the 1950s. In one year, the average life of everyone in Sri Lanka was extended by eight years because the number of large number dying from malaria suddenly declined.This was a great human achievement. But we cut the death rate without cutting the birth rate. Now population is soaring. There were about one billion people living in the world when the Statue of Liberty was built. There be 4.5 billion today. World population is growing at an enormous rate. The world is going to add a billion people in the next 11 years, thats 224,000 every day Experts say there will be at least 1.65 billion more people living in the world in the next twenty years.We must infrastand what these numbers mean for the U.S. Lets look at the question of jobs. The International Labor organization projects a twenty-year increase of 600 to 700 jillion people who will be seeking jobs. Eighty-eight percent of the worlds population growth takes place in the Third World. More than a billion people today are remunerative about 150 dollars a year, which is less than the average American earns in a week. And growing numbers of these poorly paid Third World citizens want to come to the United States.In the 1970s, all other countries that accept immigrants started controlling the number of people they would allow into theircountries. The United States did not. This heart that the huge numbers of immigrants who are turned down elsewhere will turn to the United States. The number of immigrants is staggering. The human suffering they represent is a nightmare. Latin Americas population is now 390 million people. It will be 800 million in the year 2025. Mexicos population has tripled since the Second World War. One third of the population of Mex ico is under ten years of age, as a result, in just ten years, Mexicos unemployment rate will increase 30 percent, as these children become young adults, in search of work. There were in1990 an estimated four million illegal aliens in the United States, and about 55 percent of them were from Mexico.These people look to the United States.

short story run :: essays research papers

He doesnt sleep for more than a few hours. He doesnt know why it is, just that he has never been able to let the night take him. The house isnt big enough to hold his surveys. Everyday its on his mind. The pain all comes when he tries to rest. He tries filling his condemnation with activities to make himself better. Three a.m. is when he starts running. Its the best time to go for a run, no one to bait him when he leaves.The house sleeps. He opens the door so the house stays asleep. He likes to run its the only thing that keeps him going. He tightens his shoes and takes the time to stretch. The chill of the night starts his journey. He runs blind no set path, he just picks a direction and goes. He goes down the road and through the commonality up the hill and past the school. The road becomes dirt and the houses become corn. The lights of the city are nothing more than a long shadow. Nothing more than the thought of what he is trying to forget. He searches for nothing and doesn t look back he forgets the path he took and moves on. Here the world is a place for him to discover, for him to be himself and he doesnt worry about a thing. The pain doesnt make a sound out here, away from everything. He stops. The wind cools his sweat. He sits and watches the stars disappear. He forgets where he is and lets the peace of nothing come upon him. Other runners come by and decide to join him in the grass nearby. He welcomes them with a serene smile. They watch him and wonder what he is doing. With a mouthful of grass, they continue to make sure that he will not hurt them. With white tails amply they continue their run, and he decides that he has rested long enough. The night air changes, and it becomes damp. Clouds cover the moon and he knows what is coming. The first drop hits his nose and the second lands on his chest. The drops start small, but in a matter of minutes they become the size of gumdrops. He doesnt care because he knows there is nothing he can do about it. Without the moons light, the night become very black.

Autism Spectrum Disorder and Interventions Essay -- eye contact, commun

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuro ripeningal condition that develops during a childs first few years of life (Lesack, Bearss, Celano, & Sharp, 2014). This disorder occurs significantly more a great deal in boys than girls (Goldstein, Naglieri, Rzepa, & Williams, 2012). Autism is part of a group that is known as pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), which also includes Aspergers disorder, Rett disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder and pervasive development disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) (Sunita and Bilszta, 2012). Some characteristics children represent with autism is the inability to make eye contact, to initiate and respond communication, and smile back at mortal else who is smiling at them. Autistic children have trouble with understanding messages and interpretation of facial expressions, body language, tone of voice, and emotional expressions directed toward them. There is also a sense of fear that they have when there is a change o f environment (Goldstein, Naglieri, Rzepa, & Williams, 2012). These children also show many developmental struggles like reciprocal socialization, interests, motor skills, cognitive skills, thinking, and activities. On top of all of those developmental difficulties as many as 70% of children with autism spectrum disorder show challenging behaviors, including aggression, disruptive behaviors, and cause injury to themselves. When a child with autism has disruptive behaviors is can lessen the response to educational intervention and then turn into further separation from children around their age, which increases the caregivers stress related to disruptions in daily activities (Lesack, Bearss, Celano, & Sharp, 2014). These difficulties or characterization... ...ractice in Pediatric Psychology. 2(1), 68-82. Nah, Y., Young, R.L., & Brewer, N. (2014). Using the Autism Detection in Early Childhood (ADEC) and Childhood Autism Rating Scales (CARS) to Predict Long Term way out in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. March 23, 2014. Sari, O.T., (2014). Outcomes of Play-based Home Support for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Social Behavior and Personality. 42(Suppl.) S65-S80. Sunita &Bliszta, J.L. (2012). Early Identification of Autism A Comparison of the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers and the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers. Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health. 49(2013). 438-444. Thompson, T. (2013). Autism Research and Services for Young Children History, Progress and Challenges. Journal of Applied in Intellectual Disabilities. 26. 81-107.

Street Scalpers :: essays papers

Street Scalpers Ticket scalping has shown much benefits to both consumers and sellers, and where demand meets supply. For the ultimate consumers, scalpers fracture an alternative to purchasing the much sought after tickets without cargo areaing in line. However, at a higher monetary value Demand for these easy tickets has been immense that keeps ticket scalping going on for years. There are different value people regularise in the things they do over the others. What is the value an individual put to wait in line or to have a higher price differs these people into two groups. From the economic perspective, people who waits in line expects their fringy benefits from the ticket to match or exceed their marginal cost. While others choose to purchase from street scalpers has place their time as their marginal benefits over the marginal cost of higher price. Ticket scalping provide thrive as long as there is demand for the service and people are will ing to pay a higher price. As the two group of people identify their marginal benefits opposite of one another, the price for the same event changes as well. The time-cost to wait in line seems higher to the buyers from the scalpers and therefor, it is fair that they pay a higher price for the ticket without having to spent unproductive hours. To enforce restrictions on reselling tickets, the price of the tickets will become less affordable as there will be less audience to make the event more successful and profitable. It will as well cost the scalpers to charge their customers an even higher price. The best solution to stop ticket scalping is to have enough tickets for everyone who wants it.

Street Scalpers :: essays papers

Street Scalpers Ticket scalping has shown much benefits to both consumers and sellers, and where demand meets supply. For the ultimate consumers, scalpers offer an alternative to purchasing the much sought-after(a) after tickets without waiting in line. However, at a high monetary value Demand for these easy tickets has been great that keeps ticket scalping going on for years. at that place are different value people put in the things they do over the others. What is the value an individual put to wait in line or to pay a higher price differs these people into deuce groups. From the economic perspective, people who waits in line expects their marginal benefits from the ticket to match or authorise their marginal cost. While others choose to purchase from street scalpers has place their time as their marginal benefits over the marginal cost of higher price. Ticket scalping testament thrive as long as there is demand for the service and people are wi lling to pay a higher price. As the two group of people identify their marginal benefits opposite of one another, the price for the same event changes as well. The time-cost to wait in line seems higher to the buyers from the scalpers and therefor, it is honest that they pay a higher price for the ticket without having to spent unproductive hours. To enforce restrictions on reselling tickets, the price of the tickets will become less affordable as there will be less audience to make the event more successful and profitable. It will also cost the scalpers to charge their customers an even higher price. The best solution to stop ticket scalping is to have enough tickets for everyone who wants it.

Mental Health Court Essay

Mental wellness tribunals ar a resource given to prisoners who would norm wholey be perpetrate in prison if they had not decided to join this special program. Mental health tap is a judicial system run program by the regularize attorneys office in some counties. This program is based off of traditional court room structure unless is also mated with community work. Mental health courts solve a lot of different problems within our criminal justness system. The first problem it solves is the systematic problem that we support with putting seriously rationally mischievously wrongdoers in prison instead of putting them in a mental hospital or going through a mental health court program to help them deal with their illness. This gives the offenders the ability to learn how to handle their illness and stay on line to acquire their aliveness dressing together (Thompson, M., Osher, F., & Tomasini-Joshi, D. ,2008). People who work in the mental health court systems pose th e time out of their day to really take a critical look at the issues that offenders with mental illnesses face in the criminal justice system.They help craft new ways to deal with these offenders for example with some mass you guide a more hands on approach in their sermon program and a soft guiding hand, but with separate various(prenominal)s you need to eat up a firmer no nonsense approach to make them realize that this is not a game but rather an opportunity to get their life back together. The mental health court really gives offenders the ability to work on major mental illnesses while working on taking cargon of legal issues. This is a very important step in the criminal justice system, because some individuals only committed these crimes due to the position that they were off their medication at the time the crime occurred (Thompson, M., Osher, F., & Tomasini-Joshi, D. 2008). Mental health courts are very similar to a drug court that you would see. Mental health co urts are more of a relaxed dynamic compared to your traditional court room setting. Mental health courts typically meet once a week on a specific day and at a specific time. Before the mental health court the case worker, probation officer, judge, and many other people isolated of the mental health court process meet to discuss each individual before they see them that day. They spend this time making decisions on what to do with certain individuals who arent complying with the experimental conditions and also how to keep encouraging everyone who is doing a great job in the program. Mental health court is defiantly more of an encouraging environment for offenders than a traditional court room setting. You wee-wee a lot of people who sincerely want to rehabilitate these offenders and give all their effort to do so. Mental health court is a program that is voluntary. Offenders must opt-in to mental health court to receive the treatment that he/she wants to receive. near places gi ve the offender the ability to observe the mental health court process while they decide if they want to participate. Although many apply for mental health court not all are original into this program. In order to be accepted into mental health court you have to have had an valuation with a psychiatrist and have been diagnosed with a mental illness. Every court varies and because of the extensive tote up of disorders in the DSM which as of this year is now 800 pages considerable not every disorder is accepted as the right diagnosis for mental health court. While I am talking about this section I am going to use York County as an example for what is expected of someone in mental health court and what diagnostic criteria you have to meet.To be accepted into the York County mental health court you must meet the diagnostic criteria which means you must be diagnosed with a major Axis I diagnosis, which includes disorders like bipolar Disorders, Major Depressive Disorders, and Schizop hrenia. PTSD is usually only excepted when you are a veterinary surgeon and then you would not go into the mental health court but into the veterans court that they offer. Other disorders besides these can sometimes be acceptable but they have to come with substantial evidence that it impaired their judgment. At York County an exclusion from the mental health court would be if you had any previous placards they are not resolved in other states. Not every charge is allowed to enter into mental health court some examples of that are murder, any sexual charge, any violent offense (example aggravated assault), and anyone who is classified as a violent offender. Although these crimes are excluded under the conditions under certain circumstances they might allow one of these charges to enter into mental health court. Along with a argument of certain circumstances to get into mental health court York County also provides a list of prohibited medications in the treatment court so people are aware of the rules before entering. The mental health court at York County has three phases for the offenders and has listed what is expected of them and what the possible sanctions if they do not follow what is required of them (York county mental health court manual, May, 2005). I stated primitively how most mental health court programs are for a yearlong and can change depending on what happens with the offender and the treatment courts position. From being able to have the opportunity to work and observe the mental health court process I learned a lot. York Counties mental health court is not like most according to the research that I found. The treatment court there is mandatory for everyone to attend for 18 months which is why there are the three phases of this program. I think that 18 months is a great reasonable time for someone to complete this program and truly get everything they need out of it. Before you enter York Counties program besides the mental diagnosis you also need to plead guilty to all the charges that have been brought up on you. It is very important for the offender before entering the program to recognize what they did was wrong and that they need to own up to what they have done.The offender has to sign many papers including the contractual agreement saying that they are committing to program for the designated 18 months and they will comply with the entire requirements or face the sanctions that are listed in the manual. Towards the end of completion offender visits become less at York County and then if they are cleared they do not have to come back till graduation day. York County took graduation very seriously because it gave the offenders a sense of accomplishment and sometimes for some of them it was the only time in their lives that they had finally spotless something. I was lucky enough while interning there that I was able to go through the end part of the mental health court journey with some people and see them gra duate. Overall I feel like York County likes to give an approach of a soft but firm stand advert in the treatment court. Everyone who worked there was dedicated to helping the offenders live a mentally better life and stay on track after they graduate (York county mental health court manual, May, 2005). The plea structure of mental health court is very different than the typical plea agreements you see in a regular court system. When you are accepted into mental health court the prosecuting attorney will then proceed to freeze the charges that you are currently supercharged with. If you have been charged with a felony typically if you complete the mental health court and do everything you were supposed to do the felony will be reduced into a misdemeanor. If you have been charged with a misdemeanor they the charges against you after successful completion will then be dropped from your record (The Proliferation of Mental Health Courts). Mental health courts like I had stated earlier do not typically take violent offenders or certain charges and this is why mental health court is sometimes longer than the actual time they would have served for just the crime. The treatment time in mental health court is usually around a year although it can be extended for a period of two years. The court has the right to extend the treatment of the offender if they deem it to be something that is short necessary for them to do in order for the offender to have the opportunity to fully get what they need out of the program. Like I had stated earlier they are required to attend mental health court often and one of the reasons for this is so the judge can monitor them along with the other court personal.Along with attending mental health court they are required to attend all other programs and meet with their probation officer on a conformable basis in order to be in compliance with terms of the treatment court. Overall if they attend what they are supposed to oer time the amou nt of attending the treatment court will lessen towards the end of their treatment. The amount of time that the offender spends in treatment court should not go over the maximum time they would have spent in prison or on probation for their crime (Thompson, M., Osher, F., & Tomasini-Joshi, D. 2008). Mental health courts often reach out to other resources in the community to give the offenders the ability to continue on their path to recovery after the treatment court ends. They provide resources like counseling services after, group meetings to keep them on track, and job placement to keep them an active and productive member of society. All of these resources give the offenders the ability to keep on track and give a smoother transition back into the community. I think that this is almost if not more important than the treatment court itself. So many times we see that these offenders end up recidivating because they are put back in the same situations that they were in before witho ut any resources to keep them on track. conjunction resources are a really good thing that the courts do and hopefully continue to do in the future with these courts (The Proliferation of Mental Health Courts). The short term goals of mental health court would be to help offenders get into treatment for their mental illness and reduce the amount of people that we currently have incarcerated. commonly each mental health court has its own set of goals specifically designed for them but they usually fall into basically the same thing. Some of the long term goals for mental health courts is to increase the public safety by hopefully reducing the crime and recidivism rate with the offenders, to encourage treatment among the mental ill community within the criminal justice system, lessening the cost on the community by using the corrections institutions, and overall improving the quality of life for the population of mentally ill people in the criminal justice system (Mental health cour ts a primer for policy makers and practitioners, 2008). Mental health courts have many benefits to the community and the criminal justice system. Overall in most areas they have been decently successful. Down at York County District Attorneys assurance with my experience in mental health court many people completed the program, but sometimes it really depended on the drive the own individual had to really change their life and turn it around.They contribute to the cases moving faster through the criminal justice system, help the communication between the criminal justice community and mental health communities, and help the offenders with true mental illnesses learn how to deal with them. Mental health courts have had good support from the community and living which makes this program possible. I do believe that these courts are a great asset to the criminal justice system and help the community with mental illness. So many of the state hospitals in Pennsylvania have closed it has created a large amount of the prison population with mental illnesses not receiving the proper treatment for their disorders. I believe that mental health courts are a great way to reduce the prison population and give people who truly need those resources the opportunity to get them. Each and every county is working hard to serve the offenders the best they can in this court. The idea of treatment court has room for a tremendous amount of growth and I only see it becoming an even better system in the future of our criminal justice system. In conclusion from the research that I conducted I found that mental health courts that took a softer approach on their offenders and led them the right way with a well-fixed hand were more successful. Building relationships with the offenders during this process is just as important as them following through with the proper treatments. Holding them accountable and guiding them are two of the most important components from what I observed. Like I had stated earlier mental health courts have a bright future in our criminal system and seem to do more good for society than harm.ReferencesMental health courts a primer for policy makers and practitioners. (2008). The Proliferation of Mental Health Courts. affection for Court Innovation. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Sept. 2013 Thompson, M., Osher, F., & Tomasini-Joshi, D. (2008).Improving responses to people with mental illnesses The essential elements of a mental health court. What have we learned from evaluations of mental health courts?. (N.d.). York county mental health court manual . (May, 2005).

Business Meta-Ethics: an Analysis of Two Theories

Article Review? In the article Business Meta-Ethics An Analysis of dickens theories written by F. Neil Brandy and Craig P. Dunn he has examined the two popular theories of ethics viz. traditional ethical theory (utilitarianism and deontological) and a recent manikin (consisting of emolument, rights, rightness). The writer differentiates and supports the traditional ethical theory by heavy(p) facts and concrete examples. The writer starts the article by saying that presenting an ethical theory is impulsive. But, no doubt the theory of deontology and utilitarianism by Kant cant be ignored.Many writers curb added several other perspectives standardised egoism, virtue theory, theories of justice, rights, cosmopolitanism, ethical relativism, ethics of caring etc. so, the writer says that the foundations of ethics argon not secure. Humans are difficult creatures and are hard to understand. No ace theory go away be able to prove it. Conversely, it would be quite interesting to understand human doings from different perspectives. After that the writer explains the human way by giving a very interesting example of automobile engine.He says that the engines have benefited by everywhere and over refinement, but the fundamental design that came early (piston, turbine, electric etc. ) were not altered. Similarly, we need to make some fundamental decisions related to the basic arrangement of a human behavior instead of hindering it. The main purpose of the writer is to focus and assess two dominant ethical theories for the managers. The first genius is the traditional ethical theory viz. Kants theories of deontology and utilitarianism (DU) that have been considered competing but the recent research shows that they are complementing, not competing to each other.Kantian deontology and utilitarianism provides the ideals for decision making. The second one is the recent model of utility-rights-justice model (URJ). It opposes that there are three instead of two main requirements that completes the ethical business decision making namely, questions of utility, questions of rights and questions of justice. The writer intends to involve the precedence of traditional DU model. He proceeds by discussing three important points. First, that the URJ model can easily be simplified into the DU model. Second, he presents 3 practical cases to prove the superiority of DU model.Third, is the difference between universals and particulars. The writer explains the DU model first he says that this model is often cited as dominant theory for application in business ethics. Other writers like Pastin (1986) say that this model is quite useful from a practical point of view. Pastin says that the two views rule ethics and end-point ethics are both included in his tool box for handling the hard problems of management. In 1985, Brady proposed a Janus Headed relationship of deontology and utilitarianism are complementary and taken together, a reasonably comprehen sive model of managerial decision making.In 1992, Cody and Lynn presented this idea in their book honest Govt. By saying that in real life, none of us is only if utilitarian or deontological. Our personal values reflect a mix of these view points, depending on issue. Sometimes we act solely as a calculate of principle and sometimes we act practically utilitarian. Then the writer evaluates the URJ model. He says that this model attempted to act on the need to evaluate the political behavior in organizations. So, they made the 3 basic types of moral theories utility, rights and justice. They urged that this model could be applied to political uses of power in organizations.Two years later, Velasquez combined this model into his long-familiar book Business ethics Concept and Cases. Where he argued that the philosophy of Kant supplied a more than satisfied foundation for moral rights and he added a short treatment of categorical imperative with his claim. After introducing both the models, the writer gives the argument for the supremacy of DU model. Writer says that the URJ model abandons the deontological theory of Kant. It relies on the lesser known works The metaphysical Elements of Justice (1797). Why did they cite Kant for his work on human rights but not cite him for his much important.And he says that the 3 basic kinds of moral theories utilitarian, rights and justice seems imperfect. Writer says that the DU model encapsulates much of the URJ model. First, the issues of someone rights and duties are included under Kants deontological ethical theory. The DU model merges the rights and duties. Where one has rights, others have duties. Kant argues that the duties are strategically more important. Duties not only include duties to each other, but duties to family, community and environment. Certain duties are cant be converted into someones rights like paying taxes and towards environment.So, the idea of moral duty is more comprehensive than the individua l right. DU model also encapsulates the justice prescription. URJ model says that the organizational rules must be understandably stated and consistently and impartially enforced. And the people must not be held answerable for the things they cannot control, if people are injured, the injuries must be compensated by those who are responsible for the injuries. The writer says that the same things are suggested by the existing theories and there is no need to for separate theories of justice.So, the URJ model is incomplete, as it neglects the historical deontological theory and it requires 3 categories, when only 2 are necessary. Now the writer illustrates by three short cases. 1. Political clout In this when there are to proposals that are every bit at merit. So the dilemma is to be resolved procedurally. Now, on applicant applies pressure and succeeds in influencing the choice. For a utilitarian point of view, the decision makers did was wrong in the long term because it sets an ex ample and it may encourage political behavior and risk the integrity of organization.A fair way would be to flip a coin. So the DU model gives a simple and appropriate analysis of case, without separate theories of justice. 2. Letter of passport Now a manager has to write a letter of recommendation for a problem employee. Now, he requisites to be honest but it would be nice for a voluntary employee exit. If you look at it with a URJ model, utility would want a positive letter, because it would benefit the org. if we look at the rights, then the employee has the right to expect appraisal or not. In contrast to the DU model can do a better job, as the moral duty is to be honest. 3.Making an offer Suppose there is a position open at an org. and the supervisor responsible for it knows the exact person required for the job but the co. policies says to announce and publicize all openings, giving everyone a chance to apply. Should the manager open the chance or make an offer? Utility woul d say to make an offer but that will ignore companys policy. So a deontological approach will recommend opening the search. So now, theres no dilemma. But when we talk about the URJ model, then the dilemma will arise because of duty and utility conflict. After that the writer tells us about the status f universals and particulars in ethics. Deontological ethics thinks that all ethical prescriptions can be expressed as universal obligations. Rough examples include do not kill and always tell the truth. Such principles try to observe the ways in which all world can be alike. While, utilitarianism is a situational ethics. It requires that we attend to particularities of human living in case we fail to achieve good ends. In the conclusion the writer says that the advantages of DU model includes that it provides a genuine theory and lays a secure foundation in the field of business ethics.The DU model has a relation to hold among the two variables of complement. other advantage include s Kants universalizability. The writer has addressed the topic very nicely and has used a lot of references to prove and support his argument. But still I didnt find the article very clear and it was confusing at times. The part of the article where he says that the moral duty is more strategic than individual right is not very persuasive. The writer didnt end the 3 illustrations clearly. Otherwise, the writer explained the differences and advantages of DU model over URJ model very smoothly.

Research Methods, Quantitative and Qualitative Data Essay

IntroductionThe study of Research Methods has become both a more important and signifi female genital organt part of sport in recent years and there has been a rapid growth in interest in the theoretical side of Sport and Exercise. In this assignment I will be talking about the key issues in Research Methods for Sport and Exercise Sciences and foc apply on two aspects in particular soft and Quantitative question. I will be freehanded examples and opinions of these methods and pointing out advantages and disadvantages backed up by references. Finally I will conclude, comparing the two and giving my opinion on which method of research is more superior. Task 1 explanation of Quantitative Research.Quantitative research involves either trying to discover a relationship or testing a hypothesis and is generally deductive research (this means that a scientist would start at a hypothesis and thusly begin observations to prove it). It is designed to establish differences, relationships or causality. This type of research is both formal, literal and a systematic process in which numeric entropy is used to obtain information and is not influenced by emotions or personal prejudices. I feel this can also be described as using data and statistics to form an opinion. In line with the scenario outlined in this assignment, we know that research is a collection and analysis of data. An Example of Quantitative Research I am including in this report is that number of training sessions can or cannot determine an athletes performance.An example of where this is evident is when detraining the aerobic system in a first, the participants level of VO2max (the maximal oxygen uptake or the maximum volume of oxygen that can be utilized) decreases. Recent studies show that there is bantam reduction in VO2max for the first ten days following inactivity in high performance athletes. It is cautiously mentioned that all of these guidelines assume the runner is a high performer, training consistently across a 4 6 month period of time. Beginner runners will lose fitness at a slightly faster rate as they have a smaller base of fitness. after two weeks of not running, studies prove that runners VO2max decreases by 6%. After 9 weeks VO2max drops by 19% and after 11 weeks of no running, studies show that VO2 max of an athlete falls by 25.7% from peak physical fitness. These statistics were obtained using vaporish analysis where an athlete would be monitored on the development of their aerobic endurance and to find an estimate of their VO2max. This type of quantitative research allows us to asses a runners fitness with numerical data at the end and is therefore factual and not opinion formulated.Advantages of Quantitative ResearchI believe an good aspect of quantitative research is that it is based on facts and is therefore indisputable. Such like the minimum weight for a flat jockey is 50.8kg. Similarly a jump jockey needs to be a weight of 63.5kg, another example of a factual, quantitative statistic. Another reason why quantitative research is beneficial in Sport and Exercise Science is that it allows an approach which cannot be determined or interpreted, by opinions or feelings, it is simply factualdata negotiation. Other positive factors are that it can generalise a research finding meaning differences are not considered, also the research conducts environment and attitude and data analysis is less time consuming. Disadvantages of Quantitative ResearchA disadvantage in my opinion regarding this method of research is that it is too data goaded and doesnt account for emotion and the one emotion in particular that I feel can determine a stat or piece of numerical data and that is passion It also overlooks factors much(prenominal) as, motivation, others understanding, emotion, also know leadge produce may be too abstract or influenced by environment or situation. Finally a significant point is that data analysis error may occur and give an inac curate, unreliable or invalid conclusionDescription of Qualitative ResearchQuantitative Research is a subjective form of research that tries to explain differences, relationships or causality using non numerical data such as words This type of research is based on personal opinion and experience, its aim is to explain differences, links, or something being caused and is a more hearty form of research, using techniques such as interviews, therefore concluding with non-numerical findings. Example of Qualitative ResearchI think that qualitative research is useful for discovering umteen things, including a commonly asked question Why do people participate in sport? When it comes to sport participation, interviewing is the best technique to gather information. The interview allows the research worker to probe into the reasons why people participate and enjoy some sports and not others.An example to demonstrate this is that an interview with Spanish number 1 Rafael Nadal allowed a po lice detective to find out why Nadal decided to start playing tennis at such a young age. He quoted I chose tennis because it was introduced to me by my uncle Toni, and from the first time I held a racket I knew that I needed nothing else it is interviews with people like this whose words allow us to sop up the emotions behind his choice of sport and looks at another aspect away from his stats. we now know that his success is party behavioural and that his passion and motivation is what drives his capabilities. This has led him to a very successful career. Advantages of Qualitative ResearchQualitative research is very useful for in depth study, meaning a researcher can go into further detail about an athlete or topic, it is also useful for describing complex phenomena. The data collected is usually conducted in a inbred setting, away from a lab so results arent too data driven and are more in the words of the participant. Disadvantages of Qualitative Research notwithstanding many positives, qualitative research is very specific to the person being studied or observed. It also has lower credibility as it is not factual and results could be easily influenced or even biased, due to premeditated answersBibliographywww.moodle.hartpury.ac.ukwww.skysports.comwww.theguardian.comwww.sportsblog.comwww.bbcsport.com

5 Star Doctor Essay

First a good doctor should be knowledgeable and should always keep abreast(predicate) of development in her field of expertise. She should be a skillful diagnostician. A good doctor should neither under put or over prescribe medication to her patient role as to wreak her own profit. Second, a good doctor should has high Emotional Quotient or EQ. Thats mean to be a doctor who had warmer personality, be a better listener and communicator beside emphathetic in communication patterns to restore a level of calm and confidence to the patient and make them feel that the doctor is for them.Third, a good doctor should as well be a good philosopher. This means that, the doctor should treat the patients in a holistic way. The holistic way of treating patient is by treat the patient as a whole person instead just physical symptoms which is to counsel the patient on their diet, excersice and stress management instead of just give the patient their medicine. Fourth, a good doctor should able to be a person who is befool and logical in thinking, work with sincere heart, ask skilled with hands for the surgery and easy to reach in case of emergency.The doctor would be scurvy and confident enough to collaborate with other doctors or senior doctors in medical checkup community to tackle an illness which she is not uncertain about, in aver to offer the best practices in management and treatment to the patients. Fifth, a good doctor should need the Five Star doctor qualities. Which are, improves the quality of care by responding to the patients total health needs with integrated preventive, curative and rehabilitatve services while considering the patients as an integral part of a family and community.Next is to make optimal phthisis of new notwithstanding cost- effective technologies, bearing in mind ethical and finacial consideratons and the ultimate benefits as well as costs to the patient and society. The doctor also promotes healthy life styles by effectively communi cating with individuals and groups and empowering their own health protection and well- being. The Five-Star Doctor should reconciles individual and community health requirements, stiking a balance in the midst of patients expectations and those society at large.Beside that, the doctor is able to work and fuction efficiently and effectively in teams, both within and across the health sector and other socio- economic sectors influencing health. Another qualities a good doctor should has are sincere, dedicated, and courteous. He is able to complement his medical knowledge and clinical judgement with humanistic qualities of integrity, respect and clemency asn sees the patients as fellow human beings and not as a case with an illness.A Five- Star Doctor is one who not only demonstrate skipper competence but also one who manifest personal qualities of patient, maturity and confident beside listen tentively to the patient to the patients complains and try to answer all their questions to the best of his knowledge. subtle to patient special needs, particularly their emotional needs and general well being. Avoids robotic prescription and drugs but rather, help the patients by identify the underlying couses of their promblems.Last but not least, a good doctor will treasure the relationship with the patients based upon mutual respect and open communication. The conclusions are as a medical doctor I need the learning skills and clinical skills to be a good and a Five Star doctor. Beside that, I also need to have high EQ or emotional qualities to gain the trust from my patients and colleagues. This is important because without them who am I? Thats all from me thank you.

Stanley Milgram

Megan Randolph RC 250 Marcia Clay 11/3/09 A Summary of Stanley Milgrams respectfulness Study Stanley Milgram, a professor of social psychology, conducted a research study beginning in July of 1961. This research measured the willingness of participants to either obey or disobey an authority figuring freehanded them on a conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. Milgram set up this experiment at Yale University to test how much pain an frequent citizen would inflict on another person just because an experimental scientist ordered him to.Virtually one thousand adults were observed in this experiment, and several different conditions were launched to find a limit to which the candidate would continue the order from the experimenter or refuse the order and end the experiment. This experiment consisted of a triangle, beginning with the experimenter, which was the authority, the executant, which was the participant, and the dupe, which was the apprentice. Both l earner and teacher were abandoned a sample 45-volt electric shock from an apparatus attached to a chair into which the actor-learner was to be strapped.The fictitious story given to the teachers was that the experiment was intended to search the effects of punishment for incorrect responses on learning behavior. The participants were first paid to participate in the experiment making it feel more real. A development of unrevealed subordinates in their roles as teacher were given simple memory tasks in the form of reading lists of two word pairs. The teacher then asked the learner to read them back and was instructed to administer a shock by pressing a button each time the learner made a mistake.It was mute that the electric shocks were to be of increased by 15 volts in intensity for each mistake the learner made during the experiment, while the actor/learner screamed and yelled louder every time. The participant believed that for every wrong answer, the learner was receiving ac tual shocks. In Fact, there was a pre-determined script that the teacher had no idea about. The idea that the subject thought these shocks were actually taking place, and they continued to follow the orders, is where the experiment became disturbing.This experiment, testing the willingness of normal people to carry out unethical acts, was life changing in how Milgram viewed the larger culture, for the worse. Milgram stated after completing the experiment, the most fundamental lesson of our study ordinary people, simply doing their jobs, and without any particular hostility on their part, can proceed agents in a terrible destructive process. This is scary, this is the definition of our greater public, and its all shown through this Behavioral Study of Obedience, states Milgram.Sixty five percent of participants made it to the nett 450-volt shock in Mailgrams first study. Milgram tested the experiment in four different ways of the immediacy of the victim. Beginning with the first condition, the victim was placed in another room and could not be seen or heard by the participant, only pounding on the wall when volts reached over 300. This condition was titled aloof feedback, and was revealed to be easier for the participant to continue the experiment without remorse.The second condition is where the voice protests were commenced and the teacher could hear the victims complaints titled voice feedback. Although they could hear the learner, the victims were cool off easily put out of mind because they could not be seen. The third experimental condition, Milgram placed the victim in the same room as the participant, world both visible and audible, the proximity. When the victim was close it was more difficult to exclude him, making it more difficult for the participants to obey the experimenter.Lastly, the fourth condition was the touch proximity, where the victim received a shock only when his hand rested on the shock plate. When the victim would refused to p lace his hand on the plate, the experimenter would order the participant to educe in physical contact with the victim and force his hand onto the plate. The Mechanism of denial can no longer be brought into play in the proximity conditions. Its not as easy to harm a person when you can visually see the pain one is inflicting. Forty adult subjects were studies in each condition.The data revealed that obedience was significantly reduced as the victim was rendered more immediate to the subject. According to Stanley Milgrams report Some Conditions of Obedience and Disobedience to Authority, there are many different factors they may affect the end result of a subjects obedience to a dominating figure. These factors include, the immediacy of the victim, concentration of authority, tensions, and background authority. The locality of each situation showed differences in the responses of the participant and their willingness to obey or disobey the experimenter.

John Dewey And Education Education Essay

The thoughts of the great Ameri shadow philosopher, John Dewey, transformed the Ameri cease command bulge outline. While all Dewey did was merely use some of his pragmatist philosophical ideals to the groomroom, the consequences of his work changed discipline ever brookingly. In the short essay, My Pedagogic Creed, Dewey gives his readers great insight into his thoughts sing what bid is, how it should be done, and why it s of import. Today, he is considered a male p bent of instruction and his positions are being adapted in all kinds of ways in schoolrooms around the universe. Dewey foremost stood out by rejecting the traditional ideal of Ameri stinker instruction which was built around instructors standing up in the forepart of the schoolroom and pouring training into the heads of their educatees. Alternatively, Dewey suggested a new signifier of instruction that utilised relevant experience as the cardinal component of adopting. Thesis sentences hereJohn Dewey embodi es many of the matter-of-fact ideals that define American philosophy. He was born around the cartridge holder that Charles Darwin s Origin of Species book came out, so the arguments environing that subject had a monumental influence on his doctrine. Along with many other American philosophers of Dewey s fourth dimension, much(prenominal) as Charles Sanders Peirce, in that location was a desire to react to these new finds in evolutionary scientific discipline and happen out how they related to doctrine. Dewey believed that cognition was scoop up discovered by the scientific method. As I will subsequently speak almost, this is nowhere more(prenominal) prevailing than in Dewey s theoretical invoice for instruction in which he defaults to hands-on experience and enquiry as the paramount key to larning. Traveling out into the existent universe and holding a unrecorded experience that could be tested and criticized by others in order to come on to something better was indispensa ble to Dewey s position and a foundational touch sensation of many American pragmatists.In the eyes of Dewey, instruction and life were one in the same. Dewey is quoted as stating, instruction is a procedure of life and non a create from raw stuff for future life ( 8, My Pedagogic Creed ) . A proper instruction of the person was indispensable to the operation and growing of that person and the society they lived in, as school was foremost a societal establishment. School was to be centered on the community and the pupil was being developed in school so they could be an active member of the community. Dewey advocated that what a kid does in their place life should be incorporated into the course of study in the schoolroom. Besides for Dewey, the pupil had to be invested in their instruction for it to intend anything. The manner that he suggested this be accomplished was to allow the pupils learn about something they were interested in. An instruction could merely be invaluable if the pupil was larning stuff that they could unfeignedly use to their existent mundane life as evidenced by Dewey s quotation mark, True instruction comes through the stimulation of the kid s powers by the demands of the societal state of affairss in which he finds himself ( 2, My Pedagogic Creed ) . Dewey believed that instruction was a procedure of find where pupils would take what they were interested in at their personal gait as they were bit by bit going more cognizant of where their involvements laid.Dewey s instruction system is possibly most good known for how it stresses the importance of custodies on experience in the acquisition procedure. Dewey believed that people learned best by traveling out and interactively making. Out were the yearss where instructors would talk on facts and information, coercing their thoughts onto the pupils. Dewey criticized instructors and the current instruction system for protecting pupils excessively closely and non allowing the m travel out into the existent universe so they could top stating, the state of affairs approaches larning to swim without traveling excessively near the H2O ( The Relation of Theory to Practice, Dewey ) . For Dewey, a instructor s occupation was more about being a facilitator to the pupils, assisting them discover what they were interested in and so making ways for them to actively do these things. Ultimately for Dewey, larning grounded in experience combined with opened affair that was interesting and relevant to the pupil would take to a greater society.I mobilize that both good and bad semen from John Dewey s thoughts for instruction. First off, I like Dewey s motion off from learning manners that stressed merely memorisation and the regurgitation of facts. Hands-on experience is a proved manner for pupils to larn. It is much more gratifying for the pupil and seems to be straight applicable to their hereafter. I besides agree with Dewey s position that pupils should larn about something that involvements them. Stuffing facts that childs do non hold any desire to larn down their pharynxs is non good to anyone. When pupils can really link with the stuff they are larning, they are more likely to set in the clip and attempt that is necessary to to the full develop their cognition and apprehension of a egress. Lastly, I believe that it s a good thought to concentrate your surveies in one peculiar country as it is really hard to get the hang a gang of topics. I think it s better to be highly adept in one topic than to hold an mean sum of cognition in multiple topics. This manner, everyone can pick an country of survey that involvements them and so, as a community, each individual can convey their one alone country of expertness to the tabular array and the remainder of the people that are nt as fluent in that topic can profit. With that being said, I think the preceding rules demand to be applied in moderateness.While memorisation and repeat is non a p erfect signifier of instruction, the consequences are difficult to reason with. I believe that there is something to be said for get the hanging a topic. For illustration, my major country of survey is accounting. It is one thing for me to acquire custodies on experience straight applicable to my major, but larning can non merely come through playing so to talk. I must first analyze all the foundational information that is out at that place. There are many people in the universe that are much more knowing on the topic than me and there are a batch of valuable things I can larn from them. Second, to be a successful comptroller, there are other nucleus topics that I must be competent in. For case, I need to be knowing in English to be able to pass on with my coworkers and I need to cognize mathsematics so I am able to calculate the expression required in accounting. There is a proved value in holding a rounded instruction. Learning about topics that may non straight use to your cou ntry of survey can profit you in many different ways. As an illustration, possibly it could sharpen your critical thought accomplishments. And on top of that, a pupil might believe they are non interested in a certain topic until they really take a category and larn about it. Hard work and long hours spent in the library-sometimes memorizing rules and formulas-is necessary for me to be a overlord of accounting, although I may non bask that work. To me, Dewey s instruction system seems to promote jumping the chief class and traveling consecutive to dessert. I believe that I foremost need to get the hang the rules of accounting in order to merit a shooting of traveling out into the existent universe and really making accounting.Dewey stayed true to his matter-of-fact ideals by proving out his ain instruction theories in a real-life environment. He created what became to be known as his really ain laboratory school. Dewey s school was radically different than any other of its clip . The pupils did non sit at desks and listen to a teacher talk or befool homework jobs out of a text edition. Alternatively they would be traveling about the schoolroom making changing physical activities, such as unscramble uping or cooking. As I stated earlier, Dewey believed that pupils could larn the critical accomplishments ( math and scientific discipline for illustration ) that they needed by making these types of activities alternatively of the more traditional analyzing the text edition method. The kids were broken down by age and every different age group was ever making something different. Dewey had the childs traveling on field trips, edifice theoretical accounts, moving out dramas, and playing games among many other active things. He preached that instructors should keep off on holding childs do things like reading and composing until the pupil found it necessary and appealing to make so ( Dewey Article, Enotes ) . Dewey s school had its successes and failures an d there is a batch that can be taken away his expansive experiment. While I do acknowledge that a batch of great instruction patterns were foremost developed at Dewey s laboratory school, I can non assist but detect the cardinal defects that existed in it. If I was to use what Dewey showcased in his school to today s universe of instruction, I think his system would neglect. The ground for this is first that Dewey seemed to be looking at instruction through rose coloured spectacless(prenominal) so to talk. In my sentiment, a theory on instruction should be able to use to any state of affairs. I think about what Dewey had put together in his school, where the place life was to a great extent incorporated into the category course of study. But, what about kids that come from broken places, as we see so often in today s society? If a kid is being abused or enduring under the ticker of alcoholic parents, who could care less about their kid s instruction, how would that suit into Dew ey s system? Dewey s school would likely work good in a instance where a kid has really supportive parents that are highly interested in their kid s instruction, but how frequently is that non the instance in today s universe? Henry Perkinson, an writer and pedagogue at New York University, makes a remark about Dewey s lab school stating, Dewey s educational doctrine depicts a school or school endeavor that neer existed and likely neer could be. To transport it out would necessitate superteachers and superstudents ( Perkinson, ) . While I believe Dewey is winning instruction in the right way, I think he foremost needs to happen a manner to develop a theory on instruction that can use to each and every pupil.Another country that I merely ca nt hold with Dewey in is how he resorts to see as the primary manner for a pupil to larn. Without a uncertainty, I believe that his method of enquiry can add a batch to a pupil s instruction. In his school, the childs were making so many astoni shing things that I wish I could hold done in my old ages as a immature male child. But, looking at the large image, there seems to be so many things that a kid must larn over their life-time that they can non perchance detect and make everything. Yes, you can larn math when mensurating out the flour required to bake a bar, but can that signifier of math be applied to everything? There are other things out in the universe like mensurating liquids or numbering coins. How would one kid have the clip and the agencies to see every individual thing? I think that at some point, pupils will necessitate to utilize some signifier of memorisation of information or facts as a footing of cognition that they can so utilize to larn about other things. A quotation mark from a parent that had a kid in Dewey s school truly sums up this job stating, We have to learn him how to analyze. He learned to observe last twelvemonth ( Storr, ) .I think that Dewey had the right thought, but he had everyth ing backwards. First, the pupil should larn a foundation of cognition, from something like a text edition, and so they can travel out and experiment and use that cognition to existent mundane state of affairss.John Dewey was a great philosopher that made ground-breaking progresss in instruction. He was a adult male that practiced what he preached and for that I have great regard. I do like Dewey s thoughts in doses. In the terminal, I think that a good balance of his experiential acquisition in combination with a disciplined survey of information and text edition is the best signifier of instruction. While his thoughts did hold their defects, the way that he took American instruction was for the better.

With Courage, One’s Life Is Ruled by Fear

Without courage, ones life is rule by fear. Discuss. Without courage, ones life is ruled by fear. Fear is one of the most business leaderful emotions hu firearm beings know, it can motivate people to do incredible things. In the movie The spot of iodine there atomic number 18 many that, due to the apartheid in South Africa and in the ignorant racism, lack courage. Courage is a quality that enables a person to tactile property beyond the immediate danger and assess the possible outcomes in order to make the decision to act and achieve the desired outcome.The main character of The Power of One, P. K is sent to an Afrikaner boarding school because his mother suffers a mental breakdown. At the school, P. K is the only English boy, and seeing as the English drove the Afrikaners out of power in South Africa, they blame him for everything and P. K begins to wet the bed at night out of fear. P. K. confides in nursemaid that he is wetting the bed. Nanny calls a medicine man that is said to, make sick men well and scared men brave. The medicine man helps P. K. face his fears and overcome them. Nanny gives P. K. a chicken to take back to school, and P. K names the chicken, Mother Courage this is a major symbol in the fact that it represents P. Ks courage and being able to overcome the fear of the other kids. P. K. gets sent to live with his granddad who runs an Afrikaner prison. One of his grandfathers friends Doc is asked to look after P. K. Doc is moved into a prison and P. K. goes with him and in prison P.K meets a man named Geel Piet who teaches him how to box and gives him strength, courage and power with his quote Little beat big when little smart, first with the head, and then with the heart. The Afrikaner prison is riddled with fear from the African inmates towards the guards who beat them and treat them same(p) dirt just to exert the billet given to them and to get across a point that whites are supreme compared to the blacks or considered a higher tren d of people. P. K gives the inmates courage to sing in their native language about the guards and how they no longer fear them.Geel Piet is confronted by a guard about what the inmates are singing about and just before the guard beats him to death, Piet musters the courage to stand up to the guard and be a free man. Without courage, ones life is ruled by fear. Every one of us has courage in large amounts but it is squashed with those that are given unreasonable authority and fear an uprise. We all have courage, but sometimes it takes other people or influences such as, life threatening situations, for us to stand up and contract the courage given to us. Without this, ones life is ruled by fear. By Jarryd Mckellar.

Everything Is Possible

Example, Ryan and Aaron only get sales of about $17,000 in the first year merely they put more effort on their business ND come out to double their sales each year and eventually reach an amount of $1 5 one thousand thousand a year. Although they gain a lot of profit through the large amount of sales, but they courageously plow most of the gold back to the firm so that the profit of the firm can evoke dramatically in a short time. This shows that we emergency to be brave to face the risk so that we can get a better result in our business.Before Ryan and Aaron start their business, they set a conclusion for themselves which is to help small businesses to compete with large businesses by having an inexpensive way which is by rumoring online. The above shows that we choose to set a goal first before start domesticateing on something so that we wont flip when we ar middle of our working. Ryan and Aaron also realized the American economy and do good use of the profit and other technology. It entrust be hard if we dont understand the economy of our working area.It testament be more easily to start a business when we understand the economy of our working area. Not only that, if we made good use of the internet and the technology around us, we will be able to minimize our work and maximize the result. Lastly, Ryan and Aaron hire smart people and train them well to work with them so that they can administer a diverse customer base. This show that we needs to hire not only good but also smart employees so that we can higher our profit and lower our expenditure.Answer for question 2 Stakeholders of tactual sensation are people and groups affected by, or that can effect an organizations operations, policies, and decisions of Contact. To balance the need of the stakeholders, we need to rank business and stakeholders needs. In order to feel like the company is still yours without offending or losing regretful stakeholders that intricate specie to keep your company in business you need to take a indorsement and prioritize business needs and stakeholders needs.This means that we have to capture business processes and link them to projects software and capabilities. We will also need to modify our procrastination as our understanding of the application an s Keener needs change. We need to take Into consideration ten customer needs as well by involving them in the project. place development activities around stakeholder needs are also one of the ways to balance the need of the stakeholders. By leveraging certain developments or user center designs we can accept the fact that stakeholder needs will change over time.As our business changes so will the needs of the stakeholders and we will also need to understand their changing needs. The most important way is to understand on tap(predicate) assets. By understanding what assets are available to the business we can also balance asset reuse with stakeholders needs. Some examples of busine ss assets would be bequest applications, reusable components, etc. Answer for question 3 The two entrepreneurs most impressed me is that we are virtually the same age when hey starts their business.By their age, Im still studying but they already started their own business and started to earn money by themselves. They are also very brave to face the risk. As we know, they plowed most of the money back to the firm so that the firm can grow dramatically over time which shows that they are very brave to face the risk. They seem very different from the typical college assimilator. Usually, a typical college student Just represents certain subject or society in the college, but they starts they own business which is no relation with the college.

Does Language Shape Culture?

Csecsei Luca 12. IB Does enunciateing shape refining? Most questions of whether and how language shapes thought start with the simple expression that languages differ from unmatchable another. And a apportion Just look at the way people talk, they might say. Certainly, utterers of different languages must attend to strikingly different aspects of the world just so they can use their language properly. The word order can be completely different among languages. And also there are tenses in or so languages that we do not have, use or do not know what it really means.Such as the subjunctive in spanish language. It is a tense which is the hardest to tick off while learning spanish, because such a tense that has so many meanings does not exist nor in hungarian, neither in english. I had the kick downstairs to spend a year in the U. K. and i also to take spanish there, i experinced that to learn this tense is just as hard for the english as it was for me when I learned spanish i n my previous school, which was a spanish-hungarian bilingual school. Culture is learned, but taught through the language.Language is never the entity which has been invented in isolation. It surely has evolved gradually with the continuous development of a culture. A culture being a building make of different beliefs in supernatural, social behaviors, human emotions, or way of telling feelings, the language has continually adapted therefore to accommodate these identified notion and gesture of human activity. Finding a symbolism every condemnation to register it in the language, thus contributing to its growth.A language has always been a weapon to express ones ideas and feelings. And the reason enough to make this weapon more efficient to handle ones need of expressing things with intended accuracy. It has been tuned-up with apiece new finding, getting honed up continually to get its flawless shape with developing culture. Culture is headstrong by the language it uses with a great extent. The first thing that comes to my mind is always slang. Language intelligibly shows where people belong, if someone speaks really mincing his words that shows he is educated nd nor grown up on the streets like near of the people who use slang words and developed a self-colored new language between them. We are all members of a social group and members of society? as a whole. People interact in many ways and communication is just about the most common and among the most important. Whatever is meaningful to a group, from their everyday life to their traditions constitutes their very own culture and is generally respected by all group members. Language is only one of such items.For social minority groups that may have a language of their own, their language is a cornerstone in their culture. shoot down a look at dialects anywhere int he world. It clearly shows different customs, not just in language or communication. There a lots of dialects in South-America, for inst ance. Spanish in Latinamerica differs a lot from nations to nations, or we can also say, from culture to culture. There are dialects also in our country, Hungary. And people on the north of the country speak in a different way, like pronounce sounds so a great deal different.Use words and expressions that we do not use at all. They also have differently built, constructed and decorated houses, songs, tales and wear different clothes as their costume. Taken together I do think linguistic processes are obtrusive in most fundamental domains of thought, unconsciously shaping us from the nuts and bolts of observation and perception to major life decisions. Language is central to our experience of being human and is central to our beliefs, and the languages we speak profoundly shape our culture.

How might a Jacobean audience see certain events in MACBETH differently to a modern one? Essay

Four hundred long time ago in the time of the Jacobeans, beliefs therefore were very(prenominal)(prenominal) different from what they are today and this had impacts on the charge Jacobean sense of hearings interpreted certain events in Shakespeares plays. This essay sets out how just about events might be interpreted differently in Macbeth. Bad things that happened to tribe were unholy on the super vivid like curses, witches and ghosts e.t.c.First of all was the whole idea of witches. For everything speculative that happened to people, witches were blamed for them. Witches were realizen as real people who had magical mightinesss and could do almost anything. In Macbeth the witches appear at the very start of the play and accompanying them was thunder and lightning. The Jacobeans see that type of weather to be a dark omen and meant forces of evil or unsuitable things were coming, whereas nice weather meant good things were going on. Today we see bad weather as being cause d by scientific reasons to do with air pressure for example. It has postcode to do with any events happening in the world.In Act 1 scene 2, the witches go on to create a massive thunderstorm. A Jacobean earshot would believe this authentically happened because they thought witches did really nurse the power to do that. Nowadays, a modern audience would see that as simply conscionable made up, because we dont believe in witches anymore. Adverse weather conditions are caused by natural phenomena not by supernatural evil witches. When Macbeth sees the witches for the first time they say Hail Macbeth hail to thee Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor then King hereafter. The witches are saying he definitely will have those titles, not exactly might be. A Jacobean audience would see this as the witches predicted the future because people back then believed that they could do that. Today we do not believe in witches and again it would be seen by a modern audience as the witches guessi ng what would happen.Next is the Thane of Cawdors execution. No-one has been executed in Britain for humansy years the death penalty has effectively been abolished. But in Jacobean times, it was regarded as the natural thing to do. consequently a modern audience would see this execution as very serious and would feel he would not deserve that punishment as much as we did 400 years ago. A Jacobean audience would see that he does need to be executed because betraying the fairys ( monarchs) army was considered a very serious crime because it would be a crime against God as well as the monarchy was considered to be run directly by God.When Lady Macbeth calls on evil spirits to study her properly and string-minded to carry out the murder of Duncan she says, Unsex me here, and, Make thick my blood. She actually wants to be changed into a man (on the inside) from a woman and be praying out to spirits somewhere she can do this. A Jacobean audience would believe that this is really hap pening because they believed in sprits good or bad, and that if you call for them, they can do what you want. A modern audience however would see this as Lady Macbeth thinking that she has wads of power when really she cant and shes got too much energy and feels really powerful when really nothing will happen like that. I.e. she has a big lust for power. Today we dont believe in spirits and that they never exist. We now would think that shes dependable feeling lots of power and wants to get it very badly.But just before Macbeth goes to commit the murder of Duncan, he imagines a dagger leading him to Duncans room. He says, Is this a dagger which I see before me, the underwrite toward my hand? Hes seeing this dagger actually taking him to Duncans room meat the dagger should be used to kill him. Macbeth is really convinced and believes its there. Because of that, a Jacobean audience would think the witches have put it there in his head because they told the future earlier on in the play, that Macbeth will become king, and he would have needed to kill Duncan to do it. A modern audience on the other hand would think hes having a hallucination and hes just simply imagining it probably explained by the stress of being about to kill the King.Jacobeans might not have thought that because they didnt appreciate people can imagine things intentionally or because of stress or mental illness. They would not understand those things. In addition, Macbeth sees a vision of Banquos ghost at a banquet. He says to the other guests, Which of you have done this? Again, like the dagger only(prenominal) he can see it and he believes it really was there. A Jacobean audience would have believed in ghosts and life after death. Macbeth had just unlawfully killed Banquo so a Jacobean audience would see that it would make sense for his ghost to haunt him and only him and appear real. But, a modern audience would see this as Macbeth being so stressed by the murder of Banquo and Duncan that one of his victims comes back to haunt him in his mind. The accompaniment that only Macbeth can see it proves that its probably his stress.Jacobeans believed in the Divine set of Kings meaning that the kings reign is so because it is what God wanted its Gods will for him/her to be king. Therefore if you kill the monarch (called regicide), it was the worst possible crime anybody could commit at the time. If you did it, you were committing a sin against God and the audience would be so shocked they would be petrified. So when Macbeth murders Duncan, the audience would be petrified with disbelief that that just happened.Today, we believe that kings and queens reign because we allow him/her to reign over us and its nothing to do with God. So a modern audience would see the murder of Duncan as just a very serious murder, not a crime against God. This is also because we believe much less in religion now than we did 400 years ago. Plus, the monarch today does not have it much power as it did back then since the English civil war, laws are passed by parliament, the king or queen virtually has no power and can be abolished by parliament at any time.When Macbeth sees the witches for the final time to show him the apparitions, again in thunder and rain, they cast a man in rhymes in order to do that. For example one says, By the pricking of my thumbs, something wicked this way comes. Jacobeans would see this as the witches truly casting a spell but today we this as just a poem. Also, the apparitions that the witches come up with would have been seen to have really done that by a Jacobean audience, because again, they thought witches had unlimited magical powers and could do almost anything, including bringing out naked out of a bubbling pot children or futuristic visions out of their cauldron. A modern audience would see this as Macbeth being drugged by the witches and that potion made him go on to see those apparitions, perhaps in some sort of trans or dream. We dont believe in witches having the magical power to do that themselves.The final thing whose perception has changed is Lady Macbeth somnambulateing. In Jacobean times, people did not understand that anyone can sleepwalk for whatever reason and thought anyone who did was mad meaning they thought Lady Macbeth was mad and stressed because of what her save had just been doing. Today however, we think that anyone can sleepwalk and hence Lady Macbeth could have been feeling picturesque and she was doing a totally random thing. We no longer link sleepwalking with madness.So to conclude, in Jacobean times 400 years ago, people were less knowledgeable about science, weather and how the mind worked. This have with poor education for most people then, meant that the Jacobeans had to make up phenomenon like witches and ghosts to explain why bad things happen or things go wrong. Nowadays, more people live in urban areas and are intimate and less religious. Kings and queens have mostly been replaced by fully elected party leaders and the monarch is now just a person and far less important in decision make and politics. Doctors and psychology mean we can understand peoples emotions better and events such as bad weather are now explained by science.

Amity Assignment

qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfgh jklzxclzxcvb trade Re chase tyuiop Amity University yuiopas dfghjklfghjklzx cvbnmqvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuio pasdfghjklzuiopasdfghj klzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn mqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqw ertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiop asdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjkl Market search ADL-10 Preface interrogation acts as a platform for all the statistical manipulations and filtration of selective information and interpreting the resolutenesss thereof, figure out the learnd bother to be search upon.The role of measurement and statistics in social science explore is treated sensitively and competently. The term interrogation basically refers to search of knowledge is widely apply in the ara of academicians and various Industries as well. Our reason puzzles cut backing and we feel that it is something connect to scraming new argonas, collecting all related selective informations and preparing a consolidated paper.As the management students we are expected to consent inviolable knowledge and practice of these topics. beca practice session before going into the technical knowledge of these topics lets understand the basic meaning of the hurt query Methods. look Methods implys the concepts as they relate to a particular discipline or field of inquiry is a parade of theories, concepts or ideas comparative study of contrastive approaches and critique of the individual methods investigate methodological analysis, as introduced in this book, is a doer to understand the ways in which social science look produces multiple accounts of the world. Further, methodology specifies how the look forer may go nearly practica lly studying whatever he or she believes merchantman be know. Regarding the organization, the study material consists of 8 chapters, well arranged in a coherent appearance with an intention to serve as a study material for MBA students.The contrary sections of this study material are Introduction to look for Methods, which basically describes the role of explore, the steps in the process considered carrying out a explore, the diametrical types of research and brief information some ethics of a good research. seek line of work and explore digit, describing the concept, calculate and importance of a research chore, the steps multiform in defining and selecting a research task meaning, need, features and elements of a enquiry excogitate and the various types.Methods of Data Collection, giving out the introduction of twain types of selective information-Primary and Secondary, their collection procedure and the different methods and techniques used i n their collection. Data Processing and Analysis words the misgiving of collection of entropy, its arrangement and analysis. Measurement and Scaling Techniques describes various types of measurement scales with the definitive scale construction techniques. Sampling public figure helps to understand the concepts of sampling and types of Sampling. Testing of Hypothesis gives the detailed concept about developing a opening, its scrutiny using various tests and concluding the final result. Report Writing briefs various points to be unploughed in caput while compiling a report. 2 Index Market inquiryADL-10 Sl. No. Chapter scalawag No. 1 Introduction to question Methods 4 explore difficulty and Research 2 soma 11 3 Methods of Data Collection 22 4 Data Processing and Analysis 30 5 Measurement and Scaling Technique 38 6 Sampling traffic pattern 50 7 Testing of Hypotheses 68 8 Report Preparation 93 9 Key to t he End Chapter Quizzes 98 Bibliography 10 99 3 Market ResearchADL-10 Chapter 1 Introduction to Research Methods content 1. 1 piece of Research In duty Decisions 1. 2 Research Process 1. 2. 1.Selecting a question 1. 2. 2. Literature look for 1. 2. 3. Discussion with Informants and Interested Parties 1. 2. 4. Sampling 1. 2. 5. Formulating your hypothesis 1. 2. 6. Questionnaire Design 1. 2. 7. Fieldwork 1. 2. 8. Data Processing 1. 2. 9. statistical Analysis (Hypotheses Testing) 1. 2. 10. Assembly of Results 1. 2. 11. Writing up The Results 1. 3Types of Research 1. 3. 1 searching Research 1. 3. 2 descriptive Research 1. 3. 3 analytic Research 1. 3. 4 causative Research 1. 3. 5 Quantitative Research 1. 3. 6 Qualitative Research 1. 3. 7 Conceptual Research 1. 3. 8 Modeling Research 1. 4 Criteria of good research 1. 5 Ethics of Research 4 Market Research ADL-10 1. 1 percentage of Research in Business Decisions Research is a process of using the methods of science to the art of management for decision- qualification. either organization operates under some degree of uncertainty. This uncertainty roll in the haynot be eliminated completely, although it squeeze out be minimized with the help of research methods. Research is particularly important in the decision making process of various business organizations.To choose the best line of action (in the light of growing competitor and increasing uncertainty) it is very important that peerless should be able to gather all the info, analyze it and arena to the appropriate decisions. Research in common stage setting refers to a search for knowledge. It roll in the hay also be defined as scientific and systematic search for gaining information and knowledge on a particularized topic or phenomena. In management research is extensively used in various line of businesss. Research provides a base for your business sound decision making. There are three move involved in so me(prenominal) of your systematic pay offing Implicit question posed, explicit answer proposed and Collection, analysis, and interpretation of the information allow foring from the question to answer Illustration. Research comp make ups of defining and redefining businesss, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions making deductions and reaching conclusions and at last watchfully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis?. Market Research has become an important part in management decision-making. Marketing research is a critical part of much(prenominal) a Market intelligence system it helps to improve management decision making by providing relevant, accurate, & sentencely information. Every decision poses unique needs for information gathered through market research.Thus, we can say that marketing research is the function that links the Consumer, Customer, and the public to the marketer through information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems Generate, Refine, and evaluate marketing actions and supervise marketing performance improve understanding of marketing as a process. 1. Research Process 1. 2. 1. Selecting A Topic Topic is related to the area of interest. 1. 2. 2. Literature Search A researcher should be aware of the current research in the related area and get along scope of expansion. 1. 2. 3. Discussion with Informants and Interested Parties 1. 2. 4.Sampling (described in Chapter VI) 1. 2. 5. Formulating Your Hypothesis (described in Chapter VII) 5 Market Research ADL-10 1. 2. 6. Questionnaire Design -Translating the broad accusives of the study into questions that will obtain the necessary information. 1. 2. 7. Fieldwork Collection of data through questionnaire or reference 1. 2. 8. Data Processing coding and inputting the responses 1. 2. . Statistical Analysis (hy potheses testing) 1. 2. 10. Assembly of Results 1. 2. 11. Writing up the Results- drawing conclusions / interpretations and relating the findings to other research. You will have been abandoned separate notes on report writing. 1. Types of Research A research can be classified as follows 1. 3. 1 Exploratory Research 1. 3. 2 Descriptive Research 1. 3. Analytical Research 1. 3. 4 Causal Research 1. 3. 5 Quantitative Research 1. 3. 6 Qualitative Research 1. 3. Conceptual Research 1. 3. 8 Modeling Research 1. 3. 1 Exploratory Research The Exploratory Research structures and identifies new problems it is an initial research which is commonly unstructured, ? informal? research that is undertaken to gain back land information about the general nature of the research problem, without having any specific end- object lens.It is usually conducted when the researcher does not know practically about the problem and needs additional information or desires new or much late information. A research that analyzes the data and explores the possibility of obtaining as legion(predicate) as relationships as possible surrounded by different variables of the study. Ex Literature Survey, receive survey. 1. 3. 2 Descriptive Research Descriptive research is much blind drunk than exploratory research, this research carries out specific aims and hence it results to a definite conclusion. Descriptive research is undertaken to provide answers to questions of who, what, where, when, and how but not why.For instance, it describes users of a crop, determines the proportion of the universe that uses a product, or predicts future take away for a product or describes the happening of a certain 6 Market Research ADL-10 phenomenon. As opposed to exploratory research, if you are doing descriptive research you should define questions, people surveyed, and the method of analysis anterior to beginning data collection. 1. 3. 3 Analytical research This type of research is used where information is al expressy available, and analyzes these to make a critical evaluation of the material. Analytical research takes descriptive research one exhibit gain ground by seeking to explain the reasons nates a particular occurrence by discovering causative relationships. Once causal relationships have been discovered, the search then shifts to factors that can be changed (variables) in order to becharm the chain of causality.Typical questions in analytical research are What factors might account for the high drop-out rate on a particular degree programme? Typical methods used in analytical research include picCase studies picObservation picHistorical analysis picAttitude surveys picStatistical surveys 1. 3. 4 Causal Research Casual Research seeks to find cause and affect relationships in the midst of variables.It accomplishes this goal through laboratory and field experiments. 1. 3. 5 Quantitative Research This research answers the questions about data that can be measured in terms of quantity or beat. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. 1. 3. 6 Qualitative Research This research involves analysis of data such as words (e. g. , from interviews), pictures (e. g. , video), or objects (e. g. , an artifact).Answer questions about nature of phenomena in order to describe phenomena and understand it from the instrumentalists point of view. 1. 3. 7 Conceptual Research This type of research is related to some ideas or theory and generally used by philosopher. 1. 3. 8 Modelling Research This type of research is related to business property where business perspective is formulated into different types of model. Ex-Mathematical model, simulation models 1. 4 Criteria of good research One thing that is important is t he research work and the studies meet on the common ground of the scientific method. One expects scientific research to satisfy the following criteria. 1. The purpose of research should be distinctly defined and common concepts be used. 7 Market Research ADL-10 2.The research procedure used should be described in sufficient detail to permit another researcher to repeat the research for further advancement. 3. The procedural formula of the research should be carefully planned to yield results that are as objective as possible. 4. The researcher should report with complete frankness, flaws in procedural designs and estimate their effects upon the findings. 5. The analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to reveal its significance and the methods of analysis used should be appropriate. 6. Conclusion should be considered to those justified by the data of the research and limited to those for which the data provide an adequate basis. 7.Greater confidence in research is warranted if the researcher is experienced, has a good reputation in research. In other words we can res publica the qualities of a good research as under 1. in effect(p) research is systematic it means that research is structured with specified steps to be taken in a specific chronological sequence in accordance with well defined set of rules. 2.Good research is logical this implies that research is guided by the rules of logical reasoning and logical process of induction and deduction are of great value in carrying out research. 3. Good research is empirical it implies that research is related basically to one or more than aspects of real situation and cumuluss with concrete data that provides a basis for external validity to research results. 4. Good research is replicable this characteristic allows research results to be verified by replicating the study and thereby building a sound basis for decisions. 1. Ethics o f Research As a profound social activity, research connects us to those who will use it, to those whose research we used, through them, to the research that our sources used Hence beyond technique, we need to speculate about ethics of civil communication. In addition to construction of bonds inside any community, ethics deal with a range of moral and immoral choices Research challenges us to define individual moral principles Academic researchers are less tempted to sacrifice principle for a gain than commercial researchers. Plagiarism, claiming credit for results of others, misreport sources or mould results, data with questionable accuracy, destroy or conceal sources and data important for those who follow beyond unprejudiced moral. Do not to what we should affirmatively do, i. e. concern for the integrity of the work of the community combined with narrow moral standards with the bigger ethical dimension. Research done in the best interests of others is also i n your own 8 Market Research ADL-10 End Chapter quizzes 1. Research, in management, forms a base for a) Gathering knowledge b) Interpretation of information c) Business decision-making d) Reaching to conclusions 2. In research process, what is the next step after Defining the problem definition? a) root the Sampling design b) Review of Literature c) Hypotheses Testing d) Data interpretation and analysis 3. A research that analyzes the data and explores the possibility of obtaining as many as relationships as possible between different variables of the study, is known as a) Exploratory Research b) Analytical Research c) Quantitative Research d) Descriptive Research 4. Observations, shell studies and surveys are methods which are implemented under a) Quantitative Research b) Analytical Research c) Conceptual Research d) Exploratory Research 5.Mathematical and simulation models are exampl es of a) Descriptive Research b) Conceptual Research c) Qualitative research d) Modeling Research 6. Which tilt, out of the following, doesnt cater to the Research Ethics? a) Concern for the integrity of the work b) Define individual moral principles c) Plagiarism d) Work community with moral standards 7.Research, seeking to explain the reasons behind a particular occurrence by discovering causal relationships, can be defined as a) Causal Research 9 Market ResearchADL-10 b) Modeling Research c) Qualitative Research d) Analytical Research 8. A descriptive research describes the users of a product, determines the proportion of the universe of discourse that uses a product, or predicts future demand for a product a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Disagree d) Strongly disagree 9. Quantitative Research does not deal in a) Figures b) Amount c) Relationships d) Quantities 10. Complete the rumorIn addition to construction of bonds inside any community, ethic s deal with a range of a) Sacrifice people for a gain b) Claiming credit for results of others c) moral and immoral choices d) Concealing objections that cannot be rebutted 10 Market ResearchADL-10 Chapter-II Research Problem and Research Design Contents 2. 1 Introduction 2. 2 What is a Research Problem? 2. 3 How to Select the Problem 2. 3. 1 Sub-problem(S) 2. 3. 2 Statement of the Problem 2. 3. 3 steps Involved In Defining A Problem 2. 4 Checklist for Testing the Feasibility of the Research Problem 2. 5 Meaning, ingest and Features of a Research Design 2. 6 Different Research Designs 2. 6. 1 Research Design in case of Exploratory Research 2. 6. Research Design in case of Descriptive Research 2. 6. 2. 1 Longitudinal Studies 2. 6. 2. 2 cross-sectional Studies 2. 6. 3 Research Design in case of Causal Research 11 Market Research ADL-10 2. 1 Introduction Research forms a cycle.It starts with a problem and ends with a solution to the problem. The problem statement is the refore the axis which the whole research revolves around, because it explains in short the aim of the research. 2. 2 What is a Research Problem? A research problem is the situation that causes the researcher to feel apprehensive, confused and ill at ease. In other words, it refers to some difficulty which a researcher experiences in context of a situation and wants to obtain the solution for the same.It is the demarcation of a problem area within a certain context involving the WHO or WHAT, the WHERE, the WHEN and the WHY of the problem situation. There are many problem situations that may give rise to research. Three sources usually contribute to problem identification. Own experience or the experience of others may be a source of problem supply. A second source could be scientific literary works. You may read about certain findings and notice that a certain field was not covered. This could lead to a research problem. Theories could be a third source. Shortc omings in theories could be researched. 2. How to Select the Problem The prospective researcher should call on what caused the need to do the research (problem identification). The question that he/she should ask is Are there questions about this problem to which answers have not been found up to the present? Research bank lineates from a need that arises. A cod distinction between the PROBLEM and the PURPOSE should be made. The problem is the aspect the researcher worries about, thinks about, and wants to find a solution for.The purpose is to solve the problem, i. e. , find answers to the question(s). If there is no clear problem training, the purpose and methods are meaningless. Keep the following in mind pic Outline the general context of the problem area. pic highlight key theories, concepts and ideas current in this area. pic What appear to be some of the underlying assumptions of this area? pic Why are these issues identified important? pic What needs to be solved? pic Read the subject to get to know the priming coat and to identify unanswered questions or controversies, and/or to identify the most significant issues for further exploration. The research problem should be declared in such a way that it would lead to analytical thinking on the part of the researcher with the aim of possible concluding solutions to the stated problem. Research problems can be stated in the form of either questions or statements. 12 Market Research ADL-10 pic The research problem should perpetually be formulated grammatically correct and as completely as possible. You should bear in mind the wording (expressions) you use. Avoid meaningless words. There should be no doubt in the mind of the ratifier what your intentions are. pic Demarcating the research field into manageable parts by dividing the important problem into sub- problems is of the utmost importance. 2. 3. 1 Sub-problem(S) S ub-problems are problems related to the main problem identified. Sub problems flow from the main problem and make up the main problem. It is the means to reach the set goal in a manageable way and contribute to solving the problem. 2. 3. 2 Statement of the Problem The statement of the problem involves the demarcation and formulation of the problem, i. e. , the WHO/ WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WHY. It usually includes the statement of the hypothesis. 2. 3. Steps involved in defining a Problem 1) Statement of a problem should be given in broad general way For example in case of a social research it is advisable to perform some field operations, collect the survey, study it, and then phrase the problem in operational terms. 2) Understanding the origin and the nature of the problem clearly It is essential to know the point of origin of the problem and discuss the problem with those who has a better knowledge of the concerned area. 3) Survey all the literatur e available and examine them before defining a research problem. 4) Finally rephrase the research problem in to a walking proposition. 13 Market ResearchADL-10 2. 4 Checklist for Testing the Feasibility of the Research Problem YES NO Is the problem of current interest? Will the research results have social, educational or scientific value? 1 2 Will it be possible to apply the results in practice? 3 Does the research contribute to the science of education? 4 Will the research opt new problems and lead to further research? 5 Is the research problem important? Will you be proud of the result? 6 Is there enough scope left within the area of research (field of research)? Can you find an answer to the problem through research? Will you be able to handle the research problem? 7 8 Will it be practically possible to undertake the research? 9 Is the research free of any ethical problems and li mitations? 10 Will it have any value? Do you have the necessary knowledge and skills to do the research? Are you qualified to undertake the research? 11 Is the problem important to you and are you motivated to undertake the research? 12 Is the research viable in your situation? Do you have enough time and energy to complete the exteriorize? 13 14 Do you have the necessary funds for the research? 15 Will you be able to complete the project within the time available? Do you have access to the administrative, statistic and computer facilities the research necessitates? 16 centre 2. 5 Meaning, Need and Features of a Research Design A research design is the plan or strategy, which helps in arranging the resources required for research purpose. It acts as a path or blueprint for the researcher. In other words, it is the advanced planning of the steps to be adapted for collection of relevant data and techniques to be used in their analysis kee ping different time and budget constraint in mind.Along with the population to be surveyed, size of sample, tools for analyzing data, interpretation of data, it also includes the budget and the time constraints too. 14 Market Research ADL-10 The Design decision is in respect to following terms What is the study about? Why to study a particular topic? Where the study will be conducted? Techniques to collect the relevant data? What will be the sample design? How will the data be analyzed? What is the time required? What is the allocated Budget? Need for Research Design It helps for a smooth running of various research operations thereby making the research efficient, gaining maximum information with the minimum expenditure of time, effort, and money. The Research Design is divided into following parts- ResearchDesign available Design Sampling Design experimental Design Statistical Design (Sub-divisions of a Research Design) Sampling Design It deals with method of selection of samples to be collected /observed for a given study. Observational Design It deals with the constraints and exceptions under which the observations are to be made. Statistical Design It deals with the editing, coding and analysis of the data gathered. Operational Design It deals with the techniques by which the procedures specified in the above designs can be carried out. 15 Market Research ADL-10 Features of a Good Design It should define the objective of problem to be studied It should minimize the biasness and maximize the reliability of data It should give smallest experimental error It should be flexible enough to permit the shape of many different aspects of a phenomenon. Elements of a Research Design The important elements of a research design are pic Introduction The Research proposal should define the research prob lem and the researchers finespun interest in studying it. In other words it deals with the scope of study. pic Statement of the problem It includes the formulation of problem which actually explains the objective of research. pic Literature Review It includes a review of different literatures and articles related to objective of study. It is performed to get all the informations and researches done on the topic earlier. pic Scope of Study A complete study of any problem is difficult to study as it would entail an overwhelming amount of data.Therefore, the scope and dimensions of the study should be delimited with reference to its depth, length, and geographical area to be covered, reference finis, respondents to be studied and many other different issues. We should consider the time frames findd for the study and should finish it within the same tome slot. pic Objective of Study The questions to which the researcher proposes to seek answers throug h the study, comes under objectives. It should be stated clearly. For example I.To study the nature of II. To investigate the impact of .. III. To examine the nature of relation between and IV. To identify the causes of The objective statements should not be vague like ? to explore unemployment in India? pic Conceptual Model After terminate the above steps the researcher formulates and develops the structure of relationships among the variables under investigation. pic Hypotheses A hypothesis is a specific statement of prediction. They refer to different possible outcomes. 16 Market Research ADL-10 pic Operational definition of concepts It involves the different techniques used in exploratory and descriptive research in operational terms. pic Significance of study It is a careful statement of the value of the study and the possible applications of its findings which helps to justify purpose of study, its importance and so cial relevance. pic Geographical area to be covered The territorial area to be covered depends on the purpose, nature of study and handiness of resources. It should be decided and specified in the research plan. pic Reference Period This refers to the time period of which the data is analyzed. Also it depends on the availability of data. pic Sampling Plan It is the study that requires collection of data from the fields, then we should decide the population to be selected for study and the sampling design. pic Tools for Gathering data Personal and Telephonic Interviews, Questionnaire, checklist are different tools for data collection. pic Plan of Analysis This includes the statistical techniques used for editing, coding and analysis of data. pic Chapter Scheme The chapter scheme of report or dissertation should be prepared to give the outlines and the studies of the research conducted. pic Time Budget The time period of research should be d ecided in advance and the research work should not exceed the time limits. This leads to loss of resources and extra cost is involved. pic Financial Budget The cost of the project includes major categories like salary, printing, stationery, postage, go away expenses etc. 2. 6 Different Research Designs 2. 6. Research Design in case of Exploratory Research -It is also termed as Formulative Research Studies. In this case we do not have enough understanding of the problem. Its main purpose is more precise investigation about the objective of study. It is particularly useful when researchers escape a clear idea of the problems they will meet during the study. Through this the researcher develops more clear concepts, establishes priorities, develop operational definitions also. This means that a general study will be conducted without having any end-objective except to establish as many relationships as possible between the variables of study.The Research De sign in such studies must have inbuilt flexibility because the research problem broadly defined initially, is transformed into one with more precise meaning. This type of research lay the foundation for formulation of different hypotheses of research problems. It involves the study of 17 Market Research ADL-10 secondary data. It rarely involves structured questionnaire, large samples and probability sampling plans. Different types of Exploratory Research pic Literature Survey It is a study involving a collection of literatures in the selected area in which the researcher has limited experience, and critical examination and comparison of them to have better understanding. It helps in updating the ago data related to the topic of research. It also helps in formulation of relevant hypothesis if it is not formed. pic Experience Survey It is a survey of experiences of experts/specialists related to the field of research which acts as a database for f uture research.This helps in generating ideas with minimum data collection. The decision making in the probabilistic situations is a complex process therefore the study of the experiences of the executives/researchers can be carried out using experience survey. Bidding of Tenders, Technology forecasting, Manpower and Materials planning, takings Scheduling, Portfolio Decisions etc. are examples of experience survey. 2. 6. 2 Research Design in case of Descriptive Research It is carried out with specific objectives and hence a definite end-result.It is structured research with clearly stated hypothesis or investigative questions. It deals with describing the characteristics associated with the population chosen for research, Estimates of the proportions of a population that have these characteristics and discovery of relationship among some(prenominal) variables. It is based on large representative samples. The design in such studies must be rigid and focus atte ntion on the following What is the study about and why is it done? Designing methods of data collection. Selecting the sample. Processing and analysis of data. Interpretations of Results. Budget and Time Constraints. For example to describe characteristics of consumers, sales people, market areas or organizations. 2. 6. 2. 1 Longitudinal Studies Longitudinal studies are time series analyses that make repeated measurements of the same individuals, thus allowing you to monitor behavior such as brand switching. However, longitudinal studies are not necessarily representative since many people may refuse to participate because of the commitment required. 18 Market ResearchADL-10 cross-sectional analysis is a cohort analysis, which tracks an aggregate of individuals who experience the same event 2. 6. 2. 2 Cross-sectional Studies Cross-sectional studies sample the population to make measurements at a specific point in time. A special type of wi thin the same time interval over time.You can use Cohort analyses for long forecasting of product demand. 2. 6. 3 Research Design in case of Causal Research -When it is necessary to determine that one variable determines values of other variables, causal research design is used. Thus the relationship between different variables is established. It is a research design in which the major emphasis is on determining a cause-and-effect relationship. When we start the research work it is not necessary that only one type of research is used, we can use a combination of two or all the three types of research. Also research is an unending process, so there may be a clue left, which can initiate a research objective for other researchers. 19 Market Research ADL-10 End Chapter Quizzes 1. For an appropriate research, there should be a clear distinction between a. Methods and Tools b. Purpose and Techniques c. Problem and Methods for implementation d.Problem and Purpose ** 2. Which one of the following does not state the components of a research problem? a. An individual or group having some difficulty b. There shouldnt be any doubt in the mind of researcher with regard to selection of alternatives** c. There must be some environment to which the difficulty pertains d.There must be some objectives to be attain