Role of Popular Music in Transforming Conflict

Role of Popular Music in Transforming bookingAbstractCan normal harmony play a role in contravene transformation and peacebuilding? This kind of question has st maneuvered to generate a great deal of debate for peacebuilding scholars and praciti peerlessrs. Most of the recent works adjudge foc apply on the role of art as a whole without sounding at particular form of art or particular music genre within mavin form of art like medicine and asses speak its contributions to creating a peaceful corporation. This paper is an attempt to show only the role commonplace medicament can play. It ground on a research undertaken in Gulu t make in northerly Uganda. Findings show that medicine is playing a fending role which is either scant(p) known or less recognized. In this paper, I palisade that popular practice of medicine is playing a significant role. I discuss how popular unison is contributing and fostering conditions of difference transformation and peacebuilding while r elying on document analysis, examinations of peace music? lyrics, field interviews and focus multitude discussion with the g e very(prenominal)wherenment officials, erst LRA soldiers, musicians and the civilian population.A. Background to Northern Uganda conflictNorthern Uganda has been in conflict for over two decades. This conflict is between the political relation of Uganda (GoU) and the victors bul state of wark Army (LRA).The conflict is rooted in a popular rebellion against the President Yoweri M rehearsevenis governing.?2 but when she was defeated in 1987, Joseph Kony took over the mantle of leadershiphiphip. He transformed the HSM into the LRA and with support of the Government of Sudan in Khartoum the LRA wel bugger off been commensurate to cause destruction on the civilian population in northern Uganda.The causes of the conflict argon rooted in historical and immediate factors. These includes The British colonial legacy which divided the north and south. Failure of the President Museveni to honor peace lot he signed in Nairobi in 1985 and finally the NRA ferocity inflicted on the Acholi when Museveni took over3.Since 1993, in that location corroborate been numerous peace talks efforts to end the conflict but all failed to demand a lasting peace because the authoritiess lack of firm political will behind a dialogue strategy and the LRAs turn to Sudan for arms re-supplies.?7The most recent attempt to end the conflict has been the Juba Peace Talks in 2006. This peace talks was held in Juba, the capital of South Sudan and it was mediated by Dr. Riek Machar, Sudanese vice professorship assisted by UN Special Envoy Joachim Chissano. In this peace talks, all iv items of the agenda were signed8. But the final peace balance has not been signed. The notorious leader of the LRA refused to sign the final peace agreement thus throwing the peace border in doubt. This led to a military offensive on LRA by the three countries Uganda, Sudan and DRC and means the collapse of the peace talks.Peace building initiatives?Currently in northern Uganda, there is relative peace because the LRA oblige been weakened by the combined military offensive of the three nations. Many civilian populations in the 53 camps in northern Uganda are reversive to their villages to rebuild their lives. Both the administration and nongovernmental organizations are putting infrastructures schools, roads and health centers to assist the former victims of conflicts resettle. But there are mixed feeling among the population whether they will have a lasting peace or not since not final peace agreement has been signed by the conflict parties. One of the key issues in northern Uganda during this transition is how to ensure victims justice but Most prioritize peace over justice and show signs of reluctance countenance question of accountability.?10 Since 2005, GoU through the Amnesty Commission have been working to resettle many LRA the ex-combatants and supported communitys approaches to local methods for forgiveness, peacebuilding and reconciliation.B. Background to role of Music in Acoli lodgeIn Acoli society, music occupies a central place. Music is the lifeblood of the society.?15Musicians and dancers were loftyly valued and admired for their cleverness and their ability to entertain.?20.Music in Acoli was mainly by an individual or a group singing and playing musical instrument like lokeme (thumb piano), ajar, a metal percussion instrument, and fewtimes the smaller drums (bul).?22Rise of Popular Peace Music in Northern UgandaAs the war in northern Uganda escalated, this was a proof that the conflicting parties had failed to resolve their grievances. There was total breakdown in talk between the parties. This resulted into lack of confidence and understanding of each party.24. This music is produced in modern? studios across northern Uganda. Voices are produced on computer aided beats. There is wide use of modern musical instruments in the music. The lyrics are direct to the government, LRA and occasionally to the civilian population in northern Uganda, other parts of Uganda and the diasporas and international community.As many as 70-100 peace songs are produced annually29.C. Literature retreadIn the last decade, there have been any(prenominal) attempts to show that music can be used in peacebuilding.32 The shortage of literature on the furbish up of music for conflict transformation and peacebuilding remains is a serious concern because stakeholders are constrained from making an informed decision on music can function as a tool of conflict transformation and peacebuilding.Perhaps the most groundbreaking work on music and peacebuilding to date is Music and Conflict Transformation Harmonies and Dissonances in Geopolitics.35 Additionally, June Boyce illustrates several models useful when considering the link between music and peace? and finally Johan Galtung reveals how music can be used for peace . He investigates the elate and uniting power music.?Ledarachs Moral Imagination the Art and Soul of Peacebuilding36, empathizes use of creativity in peacebuilding. He used a number of examples to support his arguments about art and peacebuilding.Finally, Lisa Schirchs Ritual and Symbols in Peacebuilding to a fault supports the view of creativity in peacebuilding.39There are virtually articles which show the prospect of exploitation music in peacebuilding. Michael Shank and Lisa Schirch,42 Their analysis justifies the role of art while at the same time it is useful for informing peacebuilders on what kind of art to employ and at what stage of conflict.Lesley Pruitt explores how music can contribute to positive peace44 She adds that music and dance can lead to development of refreshful identity by twain the workmans and audience and it is this new identity can help in process of dialogue. Therefore, creative persons through their music can act as mediators? because they do new identities and its this new identity that can foster dialogue between the conflicting parties.Additionally, Alba Sanfeliu45 discusses the role of music in peacebuilding. She remarks Music is an eloquent language that allows us to express what is happening around us in many senses, and to reflect the times and the situation in which we live. It is inseparable from our social, political, economic and cultural reality.? She adds that music is also a form of communication. Lyrics strengthen the message that the author wants to express, emphasizing the sense of the song.? Mores specially she touches on role of popular music and states that many singers and groups have cool songs with themes related to peace, face-to-facely decent involved by giving concerts in solidarity with mingled social causes and making their music into a kind of spokesman and instrument for peace.? She concludes by arguing for further exploration of music as a tool for conflict transformation.Finally,In conclu sion, the reviewed works provide interesting insights into the role of art in general on conflict transformation and peacebuilding but there are not sufficient enough in explaining how specific genre like music and in particular, popular music contributes to conflict transformation and peacebuilding.To begin with, most of the studies d wizard on role of music were based on document reviews and this makes it very difficult to reflect the true situation on the ground.Additionally, the reviewed works widely focus on art or music as a whole. no(prenominal) focuses on popular music.Finally, these studies were based on realities in different parts of the world some of which are significantly different from those in northern Uganda. This contract attempts to show the jolt of popular music on the conflicting parties in northern Uganda and how this has helped in conflict transformation and peacebuilding in northern Uganda.D. Purpose and Methods of the champaignResearch was carried out in Gulu Municipality and 2 internally displaced persons (IDP) camps of Amuru and Odek49.In all the three locations51. Interview guides were open-end and gave respondents opportunity to speak out his/her mind. This was preferred in order to get more information about knowledge, attitudes and opinions of people about the role popular music in peacebuilding.There were 5 focus group discussions with 30 people (23 were former LRA soldiers and five female) to understand peoples perspective about the role popular music can or has compete in peacebuilding52. The discussions were freely moderated by the researcher and every participant freely denotative their views during the discussions.Finally, all accessible relevant literatures on the topic were reviewed. These data were got from various libraries including Gulu University, Human Rights Focus, Gulu Public Library and Hesburgh library.E. Impact of Music in Northern UgandaMusic and conflict has have long been connected but the role music c an play in conflict transformation and peacebuilding have not long been studied although there are new and emerging work in the field53. Therefore, to assert that music can transform conflict and promote peacebuilding may be an exaggeration but also failure to recognize the role that music can play in conflict transformation and peacebuilding would again be an understatement facts.From results of focus group discussions and interviews with government officials in Northern Uganda, one can argue that music is playing a supporting role to the conflict transformation and peacebuilding in northern Uganda. Popular music is contributing by Reaching the government leaders with messages to engage in the peace process, recognizing the government efforts while demanding for a speedy end to peace process, portraying the government failures through comparison of the Acoli society before and after the war thus making the government leaders to work for amendments and finally popular music has beco me a tool of communication that is now a constant reminder for government about its obligations for peace.a. GovernmentIn northern Uganda, popular music is universeness used to reach both government leaders to engage in peaceful resolution of the conflict. This has been carefully done through name dropping58. The impact of name dropping is found to constrain pressure on some leaders to use their positions to engage in peace process with the LRA because musicians repre displace the interpreter of the people. This makes the leaders reach out to the president asking for peaceful engagements with the LRA. According to one government leaderNorthern Uganda is a small region. Each time musicians call my name in their songs, I feel I compelled to work for peace. The songs communicate to me personally. It appeals to me in a special way. It portrays me as a leader who can do something for my people. This creates the motivations for me to work for peace. To me, a voice of one musician is a voice of the people suffering in the internally displaced peoples camps59Therefore, name dropping has been an effective way of displace some of the leaders to work for their people. It is a push factor for the leaders. It asks nothing from them but to use their position for the sake of the suffering people.?60 Name dropping has an get hold of appeal for different leaders at a personal level to seek an end to conflict. This appeal is compounded by the fact that the songs are in the language the leaders understand, the leaders are widely known in the region and the songs brings out rich, truthful and powerful issues that goes on in the life of their own people. This motivates some leaders to engage in peacebuilding.Additionally, in a politically hostile region to the current NRM government68. This is summed up in one statement by former internally displaced manWhen politicians in our community are openly praised by musicians in their songs, this sets the bar so high for politicians and their party because the songs are compete on the FM stations across the northern Uganda. This is not only praises and recognition for their work, politicians know that as voters we use the same songs to judge them and hence some are working very hard for peace.69Given an environment like northern Uganda, which has been unfriendly to the current government because of the long running conflict, people have genuine grievances again their government72 It recognizes and praises politicians and the government, while at the same time it sets a target for them to achieve thus leading to engagement of some political leaders in the peace process.Furthermore, the religious leaders have also not been spared by the popular workmans. They have also been singled out for commitment to peace in northern Uganda and asked to do more in their capacity. Musicians like Bosmic Otim, one of the first popular workmans to emerge in northern Uganda in early 2000 with very high popularity went on in his song, Too Paco, to appreciate one religious leader for his extra-ordinary courage and commitment on working for peace. He points out the impact of the war on the Acoli society. He suggests to the government to adopt the non-violent strategy of the religious leaders. He calls for a non-violence strategy because failure of the military strategy which has inflicted great pain on the civilian population. He goes on in his lyrics to say Lets see example from Nelson Mandela who fought for peace non violent, let us see example from Bishop label Baker Ochola, who is emphasizing talk peace because war increases the death toll?Such a creative way of sending peace messages by the popular artists have been effective. Popular music have been able to communicate peoples desire for peace to the religious leaders. Popular music has become extra call to protect their flocks from wolves.?76.Furthermore, popular musicians have used their songs as a comparative tool for northern Uganda especially Ac oli society. This comparison is based on looking back at Acoli society before the war and comparing it with the society during war. This evokes images of past governments as more successful than the current regime79. about popular songs are explicit imagery of government failure.82This careful manipulation of music to compare Acoli societies is disastrous for the image of the government and NRM political leadership. It has compelled some government leaders to do more to save its image by protecting its citizens while at the same time creating a task that peace is the ultimate goal the government has to achieve in order to avoid comparisons with the past regimes. Dida Moses, in his song Too Oroma-wa, ask a rhetorical question and goes to show the suffering, Our people, spiritual leaders what do we do? War that started since has not ended, Strong homes have collapsed, Seeing people run for their lives is painfulCutting peoples legs, killing is so painful, Children are suffering, child ren sleep hungry, Children sleep with blankets, children do go to school, Today I pray to God, the rate of death is too much?In some of these songs, the government commitment to northern Uganda is questioned indirectly. The reference to pre-Acoli society invokes images of better days of freedom, schooling, ability to meet basic needs and above all a peaceful society under previous government.84. This creates a drive for leaders to engage more in peace talks in order to deliver peace, the ultimate hankering of the people.Finally, popular music is being used to communicate and remind government of its obligation for peace in a region where people seem to have given up after two decades of war and accepted the status quo. Musicians have not given up. They have continued to remind the government and create awareness about the war in northern Uganda, nationally and internationally. Popular music is a constant burden? and reminder to Acoli government leaders.86 These peace concerts bring popular artists from all over the country in northern Uganda to sing for peace and fundraise for the IDP communities.In April 2004 feted Ugandan musician Jose Chameleone teamed up with Richard Kaweesa, other renowned Ugandan musician, in a peace restoration project called 87In these musical concerts nothing else is sung about but peace.90 Therefore, popular music has become medium of reminding the government on what people wants while at the same time creating awareness and building a coalition for peace in the northern Uganda which generates public pressure on the government to seek an alternative to the conflictAs a result of this constant reminder and call to the government and LRA for peace, the governments of Uganda and South Sudan have come to recognize the role of music in conflict transformation and peacebuilding thus exhibiting the power of popular music in northern Uganda. In 2005, Loketo Lee, was recognized for his outstanding contributions to the peace process. His con tribution was first felt outside his own country-Uganda to Southern Sudan and Sudanese vice president, Salvar Kiirhanded Loketo Lee a Peace Award for his contribution, through his music, to the countrys peace process.?93. This points to the role music can in a musically responsive society like northern Uganda.b. Lords Resistance ArmyIn northern Uganda, popular music is being used for informing and educating the LRA on amnesty95 These musical messages have had some impact on LRA through the piano tuner. According to one participant, a former LRA foot soldierMega FM has been useful for amnesty messages. The religious leaders and also some songs were very influential in letting us know what amnesty was all about. When our leaders realized we were listening to amnesty messages whether talk shows or music, they halt us and whoever was found was punished severely.From the perspective of some formerly abducted children interviewed, popular music on the FM stations particularly Mega FM pr oved to have been effective in disseminating amnesty information. Consequently, some LRA fighters were able to return home. This statement by the former LRA solders is corroborated by Boniface Ojok, in his remarks about the impact of radio communication to the LRA.On realizing that they were reducing in numbers, the LRA leadership discouraged its middle ranking commanders and foot soldiers from listening to radios. Many of the former LRA rebels we talked to said that when the LRA realized that radios were becoming so effective in luring the midlevel commanders and foot soldiers, a warning was issued that radios should be used only by the top leadership96Popular music therefore is being used to communicate important messages for the LRA. These messages are effective in informing and educating the LRA. To some former child soldiers, popular artist had become their role models. Some agreed to being persuaded by popular musicians. Their songs about amnesty and asking them to abandon the rebellion was informative and as well as appealing to them to come out of the bush97.Additionally, popular musical is helping in confidence building among the LRA.100 These cases have been used as propaganda by the LRA leadership to deter foot soldiers from returning but popular artists have razed this propaganda. Strong message for brotherhood, reconciliation, forgiveness and welcome have been sung by the musician including making a personal call to the LRA top leadership about their safety on return.Artists like Baby Dalvin, believes that amnesty from the government without further assurance from civilian population was not enough for the LRA to return. The LRA fighters were aware of the pardon through the amnesty but they did not know how the civilian populations in the camps would be reacting to them. Government assurance from prosecutions was not enough. Artists had to musical note in and assure the LRA fighters about their safety from the civilian populations. Popular music was able to fill the void left by the government. Popular music sent assurances about safety and that people are willing to reconcile with them. These have been able to restore some level of confidence in the LRA. Some artists have even called the LRA fighters as brothers and for Acoli people when someone has called you a brother that is best assurance of acceptance without revenge.?102Similarly, when the leaders of the LRA were indicted by International Criminal Court, its impact was judge on the peace process.105 Such opposition of the external forces to the peace process has been cited to create confidence on the LRA because they feel the masses and the government are willing to save them ICC prosecutions. Thus the artists have been able to add their voice to already a hostile? region to ICC creating a feeling of safety? among some LRA from the government and people in northern Uganda.Furthermore, the role popular music is playing today is a replica of the role songs played in Acoli traditional community. Traditionally, songs were used to entertain and teach. Leaders with unruly behaviors were mocked.107 This role of music still lives on in the popular music today. Popular artists have not downplayed the atrocities the LRA have pull in the two decades. Lyrics reflect LRA atrocities and challenge the LRA. Popular music have come upond the atrocities and blamed the LRA. Artists have reacted to what they see as contrary to societal values.In northern Uganda, both the government and the LRA have been seeking to dehumanize and blame each for the atrocities but many popular artists have blamed LRA and asked them to end atrocities. Towngweno, in their song, Bedo I camp, hits the LRA everyone is talking with name, what popularity are you seeking? Orphans, widows are becoming many because of you Why do you want to finish Acoli?? Such songs not only expose but also strike guilt for atrocities among the LRA112 I am merely now What can I say? I am now alone in our home What can I say? I now have no mother, No sister, No brother, No father, No uncle, War has accurate all the sons and daughters of Acoli?According to another respondent, a former rebel, popular music have summed up what has happened and if you have carried such atrocities you feel compelled to lay down your gasoline and come and ask for apologies.?114Finally, popular artists have used their music to frame the conflict in a way that affects the LRA positively forcing them to reconsider peace.116 The skeletal system has changed perceptions and make information relevant and persuasive to the LRA. The framing is based on the notion of defeat? and interest? of the LRA in the war.To many people interviewed, the conflict should have been ended if the government had pursued peaceful means120 in his songs, Dok Paco, he plays with the notion of defeat.? He calls the LRA to negotiate with the government. He says negotiating does not mean you are defeated? to dispel the figment defeat.A dditionally, Bosmic Otim frames the conflicts on interest? of the LRA. While the LRA claims to be fighting for marginalization of people in northern Uganda, they are at the same time committing gruesome violence on the people. Bosmic, in his song Peace Returns, he says If a government soldier dies tomorrow, you will find an Acoli, if a LRA soldier diesyou will find an Acoli.? His framing reinforces the view that one tribe is finishing itself meaning there is no point in continuing the fight.These framings help in changing perceptions. It can be very persuasive. According to former rebels, they cited two impacts. First, they have been persuaded by this framing which made some rebels ready to move to another life??121 Secondly, they have been able to see the reality of the conflict and its impact. We were able to see the other side of the coin.? This frame has made some large-scale changes in society.Concluding ObservationsMusic has some problems too. There are in fights among some po pular musicians and this has sometimes affected their position in society as peacebuilder. There have been incidences of popular artist fighting and how can they talk for peace if they are involved in violence. This is simply because of public rating people give to the peace songs. This has resulted into creating camps among the popular artist leading t to in fights.Additional, commercial interest of some musicians and recording artists has overshadowed peace music. Many times they are diverted from real issues and forced to sing what the government wants or because their promoters have already got money. This causes diversion and hence reduction in the peace messages in northern UgandaFurthermore, some upcoming popular artist stated that there is alot of politics of the FM stations which only play music from recognized artists leaving them to suffer and languishing with their peace songs. Some artist suggested that music managers at the FM stations ask them lump sum money to includ e their songs on their playlist. This limits the peace songs to only a few and popular artist leaving out some upcoming musicians. This sometimes kills the potential of young artist who could be having genuine interest in promoting peacebuilding in the region.Finally, artists also expressed fear at the government. Some artist believe they cannot confront the government because they fear for the lives and fear that FM stations will not play their songs and this limits them from being neutral and hence affecting their reputation and neutrality in the songs.In spite of these limitations, there are also a number of arguments why popular music is still effective in conflict transformation and peacebuilding in the case of northern Uganda. To begin with, in considering that music can contribute to peacebuilding, one has to look at the cultural context. In northern Uganda has been sued since time in memorial..Therefore, this provides a best opportunity to use music further for peacebuilding .Secondly, within music, there are more than songs. There is communication, rhythm and movement which when combined becomes a very powerful gesture for peace. In listening to music and watching videos, one can see that these are very effective in reinforcingThere is very good creativity and understanding of the local context by musicians. The use of name dropping was suggested by one politician as the most effective wayFinally, the popular music is very relevant to local issues in northern Uganda. Music and power especially electoral democracyIn this article, only a limited number of songs, most of which come from the musical genre Bongo Flava have been described. There are undoubtedly songs about AIDS from other types of music, including gospel music that may be influential. Nevertheless, the songs described here do provide insight into the promise held by utilizing musicians as popular opinion leaders and song asa medium not only to gestate important health information, but also as a mechanism for triggering social and behavior change.SHERI BASTIEN1224(* Is a MA candidate at the University of Notre Dame. He earned a B.A. in Humanities from Makerere University. He also holds a Post-graduate parchment in Conflict Management and Peace Studies and a Post-graduate diploma in Education from Gulu University. He has served as an Information Officer for a relief organization and a health communication group. Recently, he worked for the Norwegian Refugee Council as communication and Monitoring and Evaluation Manager. He has conducted many researches on the role of the media in conflict transformation in northern Uganda.1 Moses Cyprus Okello and Lucy Hovil, Confronting the Reality of Gender ground Violence in Northern Uganda,? The International Journal of Transitional Justice 1(3) 2007 375-390.2 See Behrend, Heike, Alice Lakwena and the Holy Spirits War in Northern Uganda, 1985-97 (James Currey, Oxford 1999)3 See Allen, Tim, 1991, pinch Alice Ugandas Holy Spirit Mo vement in Context. Africa, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 370-399. Branch, Adam, Neither Peace, nor Justice Political Violence and the Peasantry in Northern Uganda (2005) 8(2) African Study Q 1,4 Lomo, Zachary and Hovil, Lucy, tush the Violence Causes, Consequences and the Search for Solutions to the War in Northern Uganda,? Refugee Law Project Working Paper No. 11 (February 2004), p43http//www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4a3f8d3c1e.html accessed 21 January 20106 Moses Cyprus Okello and Lucy Hovil, Confronting the Reality of Gender establish Violence in Northern Uganda,? The International Journal of Transitional Justice 1(3) 2007 375-390.7 See Justice and Reconciliation Project, Cooling of the Hearts Community Truth coition in Acholi-land, 2007, 6http//www.csopnu.net/?jc=juba accessed 21 January 20109 Moses Cyprus Okello and Lucy Hovil, Confronting the Reality of Gender Based Violence in Northern Uganda,? The International Journal of Transitional Justice 1(3) 2007 375-390.10 Interviews with a l eader, Odek, 27 celestial latitude 200911 Interviews with a 67 year old in Odek, 27 December 200912 Interviews with a leader, Odek, 27 December 200913 Interviews with a leader, Odek, 27 December 200914 Schumann, Anne The impulse that Beat Apartheid The Role of Music in the Resistance against Apartheid in South Africa,? Stichproben. Wiener Zeitschrift fr kritische Afrikastudien Nr. 14/2008, 8. Jg., 17?39 p215 Kaiser, Tania 2006. Songs, Discos and Dancing in Kiryandongo, Uganda, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 32, no. 2, March 2006, pp. 183202, pp18416 Ibid 18817 Interviews with a leader, Odek, 27 December 200918 Interviews with a leader, Odek, 27 December 200919 Interviews with a leader, Odek, 27 December 200920 Interviews with a leader, Odek, 27 December 200921 Kaiser, Tania, pp 722 Kaiser, Tania, pp 723 Interviews with a leader, Odek, 27 December 200924 Interviews with a musician, Gulu Town, 3rd January 201025 Interviews with a studio owner in Gulu Town, twenty-third December 200926 There are 5 radio stations in Gulu27 There are 10 recordi

Tescos Strategic Planning and Implementation

Tescos Strategic Planning and ImplementationThis report foc aims on the UK food product food grocery with great emphasis on Tesco plc, the bulkyst grocery super foodstuff in the UK. Highlighted in this report is Tescos connection with some strategic planning and implementation, its vision and mission. Further discussed in this report is Tescos diversified culture with some social factors, brand value, and its innovativeness with the sure environmental circumstances. Also in this report be strategic models which illustrate Tescos business environment and opposite market situations in terms of the stability and shopping centre competence. The models used are SWOT analysis and the Porters Five Forces. Fin eithery, in this report is the strategic suppuration of Tesco with some recommendations including a suggested implementation plan to carry divulge the identified strategies with the monitoring and evaluation process.1.1 BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF TESCO PLCTesco plc is atomic numb er 53 of British largest retail grocery currently the first in terms of the hand 10 retail grocery in the United Kingdom. It was the first UK business to be 2 billion in benefit when it announced the feat early in 2005, (Tesco Annual Review, 2005) and the third largest global retailer establish on tax income. Over the years, retail grocery sector represents the largest industry in UK providing employment for millions of people in UK either in manufacturing or in retailing. In 2003 retail accounted for 9% of domestic ware (Datamonitor, 2003).The name TESCO was derived from the combination of a tea suppliers name T.E.Stockwell and son of a bitch Cohen the founder of Tesco plc. Tesco was founded by mother fucker Cohen when he began to sell surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London in 1919 and in 1924 Jack Cohen made a new label by combining the first three letters of the suppliers name (TES), and the first two letters of his surname (CO) to division TESCO. It was a typical of Cohens eye for a bargain of his unshakeable lifetime conviction that it was abject prices and nothing else that moved business fastest. By the mid-1950s Tesco have 150 elfin and physically unimpressive stores, almost of them on self-service formats. As the supermarket revolution arrived, Cohen opened his first Tesco supermarket in 1956. But in all conscience Cohen was singularly ill-equipped in either visionary or operating terms as a depresser to handle this level of radical change (Seth Randall, 1999).In UK, Tesco plc operates under four banners namely Tesco Extra, Superstore, Metro and Express. The first Tesco store was opened in 1929 in Burnt Oak, Edgware, and Middlesex and in 1947 Tesco was floated on London Stock qualify as Tesco Stores Holdings Limited. Fifty percent of sales in Tesco are gotten from Tescos own-label fruits which are in three levels, values, normal and finest. Tesco plc is excessively becoming one Britains largest independent petrol re tailer because as well as convenience produce, many stores have gas stations and other retailing services rendered by Tesco overly include Tesco personal finance.2.0 EXTERNAL (ENVINRONMENTAL) ANALYSIS OF TESCOAs noted by Johnson, Scholes, Whittington, (2008) The environment is what pull up stakess organisation their means of survival and there are five different layers of a business environment namely the macro environment, industry or sector, competitors, the organisation and the market Business environment is a set of political, economic, social, engineering, environmental and legal forces that butt end potentially have both positive and negative impact on the business. (Johnson, Scholes, Whittington, 2008).2.1 EXTERNAL OPERATING ENVINRONMENTThe constant change in market acquires has made the thriftiness so complex. Therefore analysing TESCOs eternal operating environment, the following tools impart be applied to ensuring that TESCO meets the changes in market demands the PE ST tools, the SWOT tools and porters 5 forces. these tools will be to examine TESCOs operating environment.The PEST framework provides a comprehensive list of influences on the achievable success or failure of particular strategies (Johnson, Scholes, Whittington, 2008). This framework categorises environmental influences into political, economic, social and technological.2.1.0 POLITICAL FACTORSThis factor highlights the role of government institutions. Take for stance in UK when the business environment was hit by credit crunch which lead to great unemployment. This trend actually helped TESCO because of their dominance in UK and as one of the fastest ontogeny retailer they tried as overmuch as possible to reduce the level of unemployment caused by these changes thereby creating employment. For employment legislation, the government encourages retailers to provide a mix of job opportunities from flexible, lower-paid and locally -based jobs to passing-skilled, higher-paid and ce ntrally located jobs (Balchin, 1994). Also the salutary government restriction against monopoly which is one of the threats TESCOs are faced with because within the customer law, it is very critical to note that protecting consumers and ensuring that entrepreneurs have the opportunity to compete in the market economy is very important. Also TESCO get hold of to look critically in the aspect of government policies on taxation because high taxation is one the major problems businesses face in the UK because it is never stable. The issues of government policies on trade restriction and implementation of new regulations could also affect in a air especially when there is unaffectionate trade between the European Union which will be of TESCO benefit.2.1.1 ECONOMIC FACTORSThis is another environmental factor which brook earn a huge impact in TESCO. Take for stance the economic down turn faced in UK due to the unemployment which drastically reduced the demand of so many obedient m ore than so affecting the demand required to produce much(prenominal) goods which is a major concern to TESCO since they are highly dependent on the UK market. In summarizeition if TESCO had cognise the economy was heading for a recession, with the use of PEST framework analysis it would have helped plan ahead. It is good to note that this factor can influence demand, toll, price and profits.2.1.2 SOCIAL/ CULTURAL FACTORTESCO plc is one of the retail groceries in UK who has successfully address peoples social and ethnical take ons, and as it involves the reflection of the increasing immigrants and visitors from all over the world who have different food preference, and clothing variations with different beauty products choices, this have sort of encourage customer to move towards bulk shopping. The demographic changes like life style that is, the customers belief and attitudes have made TESCO to center on on added-value products and services. Another factor is universe of di scourse which has forced TESCO to have more interest in customers increased demand for organic products and this has in many ways help TESCO to strategies ways to drive address out of the market. Wilson and Gilligan (2005), states that a variety of other equally important and far-reaching changes in social, cultural and demographic environments are currently taking place.2.1.3 TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORSThe use of technology in marketing is one of TESCOs expansion strategies. It has enabled customers to pay their bills electronically thereby trim down long queues. Online marketing has also influenced the development of many TESCO products and this benefits both the confederacy and its customers. This personalised service makes shopping more convenient for the customers and has positively affects the growth of TESCO plc.3.0 PORTERS FIVE FORCESPorter (1980) argues that the most significant influence in an organisations environment is delineated by the nature of the industry in which th e particular company operates in.3.1 Threat of New EntrantsThe UK grocery market is so saturated with very few competitors tyrannical the market. There are five major key players in the UK grocery market namely Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury, Iceland and Safeway, all sharing the highest market share. Threat of entry depends on the extent and height of barriers to entry (Scholes, et al, 2008). With Tesco on top coupled with its huge investment and aggressive operational tactics in product development, it is difficult in all ramifications for a new entrant in the market to pose a threat the business of Tesco.3.2 Suppliers Bargaining PowerUnderstanding that the suppliers bargaining creator is very low, Tesco will not give room for a small chain to dictate prises in the market. The cost of raw materials and components can have a major bearing on a firms profitability. The higher is the bargaining power of suppliers the higher the costs of the goods. (Svend Hollensen, 2003). The ability of Tes co as a huge grocery in UK to source for cheaper supplies abroad ,has enabled them to negotiate prices cosmos brought forward by supplier which other small chains are not capable of meeting. For the fact that most of the major suppliers are scared of losing business to foreign supplier has influenced Tesco positively.3.3 Bargaining Power of ConsumersWhen Tesco introduced Loyalty card and branded Clubcard in 1995, it did not succumb to other grocery that it was Tescos strategy of customizing service to gain dominance when it comes to meeting customers needs. This strategy not only made much profit for Tesco but also enabled Tesco to take off a comprehensive database of all its consumers. This initiative actually won lots of customers for Tesco and has become standardized. It is amazing to the customers that they can get two clubcard points for every 1 they occur in Tesco which means the more you spend in Tesco, the more clubcard points you make and these points can also be convert ed to coupons which can be redeemed for funds. The more the products that become standardized or un tell, the lower the switching cost, and hence, more power is yielded to buyers. As theorized by Porter M. (1980).3.4 Threat of SubstituteThis threat can make great impact on Tesco plc when it comes to a product being substituted for another product which can make a customer switch to the alternative. This is mostly caused by the introduction of other small-scaled operations in the market. The demand of a particular product can be reduced if a customer sees an alternative in another market and for these agents, Tesco are trying reduction of prices and modification of such products in the other banners they are operating on example Tesco Metro to distract such threat.3.5 Bargaining Power of CompetitorsThere are wide range and variety of competitions in the grocery business either on the small and large scale. Tesco in the grocery business has long witnessed a significant growth in si ze since its establishment in 1924, though not the first to be establish in UK but currently the first of the top 10 grocery in operation in UK and the third largest global retailer based on revenue. Over the years, grocery business has remained so competitive that it triggered a high level of development by major competitors like Asda, Sainsbury, Iceland and Safeway which has made Tesco to be more innovative thereby making them the largest grocery business providing employment for millions of people in UK either in manufacturing or in retailing and since been know for their market dominance.4.0 SWOT ANALYSISSWOT analysis is a tool which could be used to audit an organisation and its internal and external environment. Tesco is the first of the top 10 grocery in UK with an excellent record in product and format innovation. And with the introduction of online shopping, Tesco became the only food retailer to make online shopping advantageous which puts them ahead of other competitors. 4.1 STRENGTHSProducts with range of Prices Tesco has several kinds of product in the market. These products range from food, non-food products, home appliances, medicines and so with different prices on all the products. In Tesco you can get whatever product you want at an affordable price. The prices vary anyway, the higher the quality, the higher the price and vice versa and this depend on the choice of the customer.Growing supermarket distance Tesco in the grocery business has long witnessed a significant growth in size since its establishment in 1924 and this is as a result of the growing population of consumers patronising the company and their increasing demand of several products.Strong brand image Tesco is a household name in UK known for their market dominance in good quality and trustworthy product. It is because of Tesco strong brand image that most customers see great value in their services and this has earn the company lots of profits.Tesco Online Online marketing ha s also influenced the development of many TESCO products and this benefits both the company and its customers. This personalised service makes shopping more convenient for the customers and currently being used by over one million customers in UK. The use Tesco Online in marketing is one of TESCOs expansion strategies. It has enabled customers to pay their bills electronically thereby reducing long queues thus bringing simplicity and value to the market.4.2 WEAKNESSPrices Their price of goods poses lots of problem for Tesco plc. Trying to satisfy their customers needs by cutting cost of their products even their services can lead to a reduced profit margin for their business.High reliance on UK market Tescos reliance on UK market is also one major weakness because if at any time the economy faces any challenges, this will definitely affects the business of Tesco, so it very much advisable for Tesco to look beyond UK and increase its foreign outlets and selling other commercial items .4.3 OPPORTUNITIESInternet Tescos online successes is one great opportunities. Since the introduction of Tesco online, the use of technology in shopping has grown in quite a short space and moved into profitable status. Their website is so fully packaged totally different from all other grocery site and since there are no matches in terms of comparisons, it remains an advantage on the side of Tesco.Intervention in Asian market Tescos intervention in the Asian market has serious positive implications in their growth internationally and this in no doubt will give Tesco an opportunity to develop its brand more so make Tesco much larger than they were due to Asias massive economies with huge growth forecast.Growth of non-food sales Tesco known for their cut-cost structure can initiate analogous strategy to non-food retail and it is evident that Tesco capitalising on these opportunities are opening new store basically for the sales of non-food items which has stipulation Tesco a tremen dous result in increased market share in UK4.4 THREATSEconomic instability The unstable, unpredictable nature of the economy and political changes in UK pose lots of threat to Tesco and one critical example of these changes is the credit crunch which strokes the UK. This impacted on the consumers a lot because going by their low income, they had to go for products with low prices thereby paying less attention to higher priced brands and this can force a switch in Tescos price structure.Competition This has also been a persistent threat and this one major reason why Tesco will keep up with the price cuts so as not to doze off their customers to major competitors like Asda and Sainsbury.High price of raw material The upsurge in cost of raw materials from both food and non-food could trigger poor output and this can impact Tesco overall profit margin.5.0 VISION AND MISSION STATEMENT FOR TESCOThe study of mission statement stated in the early 1970 s, and Drucker (1971) referred to the m as a precursor to clear and realistic business objectives. As stated by Harrison and Enz(2005), An organizations mission statement provides an important vehicle for communicating ideals and a sense of directions and mean to internal and external stakeholders. It can inspire employees and managers. It can also help organizational managers in resource-allocation decisions. With these definitions, it can be further explained that mission is what the organization is and its reason for existing whereas a vision is a forward-looking view of what the organization wants to become. Drummond and Ensor (1999) defined the mission of an organization as the unique purpose that distinguishes it from other companies and defines the boundaries of its operations.5.1 reverieTescos vision is concentrated basically on their customers. They see themselves in many years to come as being the only grocery business in UK due their market development strategy.5.2 Mission statementTo ensure continued incom e streams to the business from our key customers in all segments by removing the impediments which prevents them from the optimal enjoyment of our product and services.With the above mission statement, it is assumed that Tescos mission is to permanently dominate the market giving no room for any competitors or competition.6.0 CRITICAL SUCCCESS FACTORSObjectivesThe objectives of an organization govern the potentials value of the organisation and it also shows the platform on which the organisation is built in terms of profitability. The following describes Tescos objectiveTesco aims to minimize the cost of products and at the same time aim to earn high. Profit maximization is one major reason why a business will stand and Tesco sees selling at low price will attracts more customers thereby giving customers better chances of making choice in the quality and quantity of products at a value price.Tesco need to ensure 100% customers rapture by offering good customers services and excel lent Value for their money which differentiates them from their competitors.Dedication to their employees as well as to customers, ensuring that all their wants and needs are met7.0 KEY PERFORMANCES INDICATORFor Tesco to remain on top rather to maintain its position in the top 10, the following measures need to be critically evaluatedTesco employees need have sound association of their products so as to make shopping not too complex for their customers. This can also give customers ideas of some products they are not aware of more so forcing out a change of choice in their decision to buy more.Customers satisfaction is one vital key to business success. If a customer is not satisfied with either the product or the service then it will be difficult for such business to exceed. In other words, Tesco actually need to improve more in their customer service.Tesco at all time need to assure customers quality brands and also services by investing more in employee training.8.0 CORPARATE AN D BUSINESS STRATEGIESTesco is an organization more voluminous in terms of revenue acquisition and customers than any other grocery market in UK and for it to maintain its current standard or create a wide margin in the market, a lot need to be done to fulfill it objectives.Firstly, Tesco need to divert the attention of customer from non-food products to food products. To do this, they need not to concentrate their advertisement more on non-food products but also encourage their customers to eat more sea foods, fruits as well as vegetables. They should also emphasis more on sales promotion of their own-labelled products on advert thus re-directing the customers usual orientation of branded products.The management need to put the quality of staffs into conductation not only the quality and quantity of their products. Arranging training programs will be appropriate to evaluate their employees quality, such programs will enable them gather vast knowledge of their products more so keep ing the goals of the organization alive in the employees.Theoretically Tescos strategic development can also be analysed using Ansoffs matrix and BCG matrix.For Tesco to achieve high sales level, they need to penetrate the market and this will surely maximize profit level. Penetrating the market could be in two ways from my point of view Tesco due to its voluminous structure can choose to merge with another grocery in the UK to expand its market and increase its market share. Another method of development suggested for Tesco is to look into international alliances especially with the Asian market like china for this strategy can be used to utilize current recourses.Market development of Tesco can be achieved if they concentrate in developing new markets by creating more portfolios which is one major success secrets of an organization. to a greater extent so, their alliance with this Asian market can introduce a new business in the area of high technology. Another development is the ir freight service. TESCO freightage services in every Tesco stores also boost the companys sales. The services include free pick-up and sealing of the box.Tesco has focused their attention now on non-food products and as such developed new products in the grocery market. It is also evident that the high demand for these new products is as a result of these changes in the market and has differentiated Tesco from other grocery market. Since Tesco non-food products are developed for existing markets, it has forced other grocery market to consider this product development strategy.Tescos ability to offer a value added services, cost advantage s and high value products than the competitors is said it be their diversification strategyThe power of Tesco brand name generate a wealth of good consumer products and its market sales for clothing and grocery items are doing well which is the star product of the company. And this is because these products have competitive pricing which gives hi gher profits so, Tesco Obviously has to do more advertisement and produce more to meet up with the consumers demand.The electrical and electronic products like mp3 players, I-touch, I-pod, and other appliances are considered as the cash cow in the market since the market share is high and the industry sales is not because of its quality. Although Tesco is producing cheaper electrical supplies but when it comes to safety, the consumers go for value and quality. The dog products of Tescos are the CDs and DVDs, these products are expensive in any way. Although these are original copies, low income and budgeting consumers still opt to watch movies over the net or download medicine instead. Promote the buy-one take-one free for every CD or DVD a customer whitethorn buy. If sales for the dog products are still stagnant, the store may resort for CD DVD movie rentals. And the problem child of Tescos business is the own-labelled products and this caused by its inability to compete successfu lly with the competitiveness in the UK grocery market.9.0 instruction executionStrategic development is the identification and leverage of the resources and competences of the organisation which yield new opportunities or provide competitive advantage. (Johnson Scholes 1999, p.25.)There is need for new strategy development and new strategy implementation which is essential for a highly competitive business like Tesco with the current market situation.There is a need to consider the external and internal factors of Tesco to set the structure of the implementation and guidelines for its new strategy. For a huge market like Tesco, we need to evaluate the market opportunities for market development, product development and integrationAnother very important influential factor of Tesco new strategy development is their innovative and diversified culture which is responsible for the implementations in the market.Feasibility Analysis To implement the proposed strategy, one need to do the feasibility studies of the subject. This study will look at how Tesco projects in terms of funds and will also help Tesco identify potential target areas for the products. Tesco funding requirements and profitability in the future can also be illustrated using Feasibility Analysis. military rank of opportunities if a big grocery like Tesco wants to enter a new market within the country or other countries considering its dominance in UK grocery market, there will lots of opportunities and growth prospect thus the market attractiveness can be evaluatedResource allocation product market cleverness and Implementation of cost leadership strategy will involve lots of resources. It is essential for Tesco to allocate these resources appropriately. These resources will include financial, human resource, material and time resources.9.1 monitor and evaluationMonitoring measures the effectiveness and efficiency of the desired outcome of the strategic plan of an organization and it is a regular , ongoing management activity which through real record-keeping provides information to managers. It is essential that Tesco monitor and evaluate the progress of the implementation process to enable them identify gaps and areas of improvement. The gap analysis is logical framework which Tesco can use to review progress and enable them identify the progress of the strategy according to the specific time duration.9.2 RECOMMENDATIONSTesco, as Britains largest grocery market should maintain its position on the top and to support this, I recommend the company must open additional 24/7 Tesco Express on high streets but with additional self-service facilities for this will increase market sales. To boost the companys sales profit and image more, recommended promotions should be done every season. Like raffle draws with corresponding prices. Tesco can also increase their sales by providing free health services like free medical check-up for the aged, nutritionist and medical practitioners to conduct blood-pressure monitoring and free eye test. The customers will benefit the free consultation and at the same time will gain points for their clubcards. Also for Tesco to improve its position, they will need to add new products more so improve on the quality of product they provide to their customers

The Crime Survey For England And Wales Criminology Essay

The Crime Survey For England And Wales Criminology EssayThe National Statistician in 2011 acknowledged that the exclusion of crimes against children from the BCS estimates has been considered a study gap. As a result, in 2009 the accomp any was extended to include children aged between 10 and 15 (Home Office Statistical Bulletin 2010/11, p. 20). This may support in gaining further knowledge of the skilful issue of crime in Britain, although this process also comes with its own limitations. The children may non be entirely dead-on(prenominal) in their accounts, or fear what may happen to them after responding.The Crime Survey for England and Wales measures the extent of crime in England and Wales by asking people whether they meet experienced any crime in the past year.The value has measured crime in this way since 1982 and is an important source of culture for the government or so the extent and nature of crime in England and Wales. It also aims to enquire information rega rding the location and timing of crimes, the offenders characteristics and the relationship between victims and offenders (Office for National Statistics, 2012). A separate survey (the Scottish Crime and Justice survey) measures the extent of crime in Scotland. The survey is conducted by TNS-BMRB on behalf of the Office for National Statistics.Evidence in support of this course comes from The Home Office (2011) which statedthe BCS offers a more dependable measure of trends in crime as it has a consistent methodology and is unaffected by variety shows in levels of reporting to the practice of law, recording radiation pattern or law of nature activityHowever, the BCS does not aim to admit an absolute count of crime in England and Wales, but to dumbfound estimates of crimes experienced by adults aged 16 and over resident in households. (Home Office Statistical News Release Crime in England and Wales, 2010/11).Therefore, the survey is not representative of the whole cosmos of Br itain and cannot be used to give an overview picture of crime, due to the nature of its sample. Moreover, the survey does not cover all offences such as homicide, fraud and medicate offences.On the other(a) hand, natural law recorded figures pack aim a greater coverage of offences comp atomic number 18d to those of the BCS. For example, homicide is not covered by the surveys. Sexual victimisation questions argon asked in a separate form, and results argon not included in the main total of crime collected by the BCS, due to their cushy nature (Home Office, 2011).Office for National Statistics, 2012) Latest figures from the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) for the year ending June 2012 show a 6 per cent decrease in boilersuit crime against adults compared with the previous years survey. This continues the downward trend in recorded crime, seen since 2004/05.(Ref 6, the Guardian) There were 9.1m reported crimes in 2011/12, according to the Crime Survey for England and Wales, but less(prenominal) than half as many 3.9m were recorded by the legal philosophy.(Ref 13 Home Office, 2010/11, p. 15-16) Police recorded crime has been subject to major changes in recording practice over time, making interpretation of long-term trends for this series is difficult. The BCS and recorded crime give up generally good coverage of crime committed against the cosmos, particularly for offences involving material harm, loss or damage to property. record crime is limited to those offences which come to the attention of the police, and is affected by changes to reporting rates, recording practice and police activity. therefore for the crime types and population it covers, the BCS is the best long-term measure of crime trends. However, the BCS is limited in its coverage to crimes against those residents in households and so cannot cover all crime types (for example, homicide, crimes against businesses and other organisations and drug possession). Crime is recorde d according to the victims account of events, rather than requiring felon intent to be proven. The BCS asks around individuals experience of crime, irrespective of what action was subsequently taken. For police recorded crime, the victim-focused approach is enshrined in the National Crime Recording Standard (NCRS).The NCRS states that all incidents reported by a victim to the police should be recorded, if the events describe amount to a crime in law and unless there is credible consequence to the contrary. The drop in crime since the mid-1990s is because of improved property and vehicle security, sparing influences, social change, use of CCTV and other topical anaesthetic crime reduction initiatives and changes in policing and the wider venomous justice system. Pg. 22 A range of non-notifiable crimes may be dealt with by the issuing of a Penalty Notice for Disorder, a Fixed Penalty Notice or prosecution at a magistrates court. Along with non-notifiable offences dealt with by t he police (such as speeding), these include many offences that may be dealt with by other agencies for example, prosecutions by TV Licensing or by the DVLA for vehicle registration offences. These counts only when join to offences where action has been brought against an offender and guilt has either been ascertained in court, or the offender has admitted culpability through acceptance of a penalty notice. These crimes generally only come to light through the relevant authorities actively looking to identify offending doings. However, they do illustrate that, taking the broadest definition of crime, the main BCS and Recorded Crime statistics only cover a fraction of total criminal behaviour.Crime and society in Britain, Hazel Croall, 2011, p. 40 The role of victims and the public varies with the offence. somewhat(a) maybe relatively invisible or the victim is totally unaware of any harm or actions regarded abnormal. For example the versed abuse of children takes place in a pr ivate and children are often unaware that something is wrong. Some incidents such as theft at work may result in poke only and not involve criminal proceeding. Such incidents are therefore missed out in total crime accounted for by the police records and CSEW. Croall, 2011, Pg. 51 victim surveys use standard classifications of crime missing out white collar and financial crimes, the CSEW is based on households omitting organisations such as businesses, hospitals, schools and care homes, omitting four-year-old teenagers and kids, respondents definitions of crime are limited by their memory and restricted to crimes which they are aware of and miss out those they cannot detect themselves, the surveys capture single incidents and underestimate the full extent of repeat victimisation. Pg. 52 self-report surveys that find out how many times the population have participated in criminal activity, provide more detail about the class, age sex or race of those that have admitted to offending . They are often used with young people and therefore provide extremely valuable information about participation in crime. However respondents, particularly children, may be afraid to answer properly as they fear parents might see their answers, or others may exaggerate, hence affecting the accuracy of responses given. These surveys have been restricted to young people making it harder to question other groups of people such as senior executive about embezzlement. Pg. 60 Muir 2010 found that crime has always been and remains eminenter(prenominal) in England and Wales than in Scotland and Northern Ireland having oft lower levels of crime, using a comparison of crime surveys across the UK for 2008/9 figures. Pg. 61 Moreover, Higgins and Millard 2009 argue that Wales which is generally combined with England has lower rates for most types than England.Tierney, 2006, Pg. 34 before 1992, the BCS used to survey households randomly chosen from electoral registers, however thereafter, the Postcode Address File was used. Pg. 35 Although the BCS provides large numbers of crime incidents not present in police recorded crime figures, this only applies to certain offence categories, rather than crime in general. Pg. 38-39 victim surveys just like police recorded crimes do not pick up all criminal offences, such as for those under 16 years. Including corporate and organised plus occupational crimes theft from businesses (shoplifting, insurance fraud), criminal damage, or crimes without victims, plus taxation and social security fraud. Victims may be scared, embarrassed or unaware they are victims. Pg. 41 according to class booking theories, statistics provide an insight into the class based nature of the criminal justice system, as well as macrocosm manipulated to suit the interests of the powerful plus provide indicators of the inequalities and biases inherent in the system itself and in a capitalist society in general. Also one must consider the links between criminal activity, police clear up rates and various community-based initiatives. Tierney, 2006, Pg. 44 changes to counting rules in 1998 mainly affected violent crime and led to some antecedently less serious, non-notifiable assaults being categorised as notifiable. In 2002, police had to take victims account at face value, until proven otherwise, resulting in increasing the number of offences recorded. This is a further illustration of the socially constructed nature of criminal statistics. Pg. 20 Maguire 1994 suggests crime itself is a social contrast and statistics that relate to it are socially constructed.Croall, 2011, p. 42 the higher rates of reporting property crimes, especially car thefts, result from the requirements of insurance policies. Potential crimes come to the attention of police and other law enforcement agencies by being directly encountered or reported, with the majority being reported to the police by the public (Maguire 2007). Law enforcement decisions affect all sub sequent stages when a crime is encountered or reported. Not all complaints are recorded, creating a distinction between offences reported to and recorded by the police. Offences may not be recorded because they are not regarded as sufficiently serious or defined as involving no crime (Coleman and Moynihan, 1996). Croall, 2011 Changes were made in police recording procedures following the introduction of the study crime recording standards (NCRS) in 2002. These have a major impact on the reliability of official statistics, especially as recording practices in contrasting areas and jurisdictions may vary, complicating any comparisons. They also affect overall increases and decreases and changes can create apparent crime waves. Recorded crime series were affected by young counting rules from 1998 onwards and by the NCRS from 2002 onwards. Pg. 44.most police forces are encouraged to be cost effective and as a result successive governments have introduced diversionary schemes where of fences are dealt with out of court such as on-the-spot fines. This underlines the existence of an unknowable dark figure of crime which is never recorded in the official statistics. Therefore officially recorded crimes and convicted offenders are those that have survived the process of attrition and are not representative of all who break the criminal law. Pg. 45 crimes which are more visible and take place in public are more likely to be processed than those taking place in private. For example street crimes of young people are more likely to be counted than crimes of white collar offenders which take place in the offices or crimes which take place in the home, further distorting the relationships between age, gender or social class and offending. Variations in the proportions of crimes counted means that it can rarely be said with any certainty that any particular kind of crime is rising or falling, as any apparent increases or decreases could merely represent a change in the prop ortion of crimes reported to or recorded by the agencies. Changes in police recording practices can create crime waves or alternatively reductions in crime. On the other hand, more policing can increase crime rates, by catching more and recording more crime.Home office, stats bulletin, 2010/11, Pg. 24 Together they provide a more comprehensive picture than could be obtained from either series alone. However, neither the BCS nor police recorded crime aim to provide complete counts of crime. The coverage of police recorded crime statistics is defined by the Notifiable Offence List1, which includes a broad range of offences, from murder to minor criminal damage, theft and public order offences. However, there are some, mainly less serious offences that are excluded from the recorded crime collection. These non-notifiable crimes include many incidents that might generally considered to be anti-social behaviour but that may also be crimes in law (including bye-laws) such as littering, be gging and drunkenness. Other non-notifiable offences include driving under the influence of alcohol, park offences and TV licence evasion. The survey also excludes some other offences for which it may not be possible to collect robust estimates of crime levels (such as sexual offences). However, the BCS does capture other information about such offences. The BCS is a face-to-face victimisation survey in which people resident in households in England and Wales are asked about their experiences of crime in the 12 months prior to interview. Until recently the BCS did not cover crimes against those aged under 16, but since January 2009 interviews have been carried out with children aged 10 to 15. Experimental statistics for children are shown separately. Pg. 26 For the crime types and population it covers, the BCS provides a better reflection of the extent of household and personal crime than police recorded statistics because it includes crimes that are not reported to or recorded by t he police. The BCS is also a better indicator of long-term trends because it is unaffected by changes in levels of reporting to the police or by police recording practices. Although the focus of ensuring comparability over time means that the BCS does not include some relatively new crimes in its main crime count, such as plastic card fraud, these are asked about and presented. BCS estimates for 2010/11 are based on face-to-face interviews with 46,754 respondents. The BCS has a high response rate (76%) and the survey is weighted to adjust for possible non-response bias and to ensure the sample reflects the profile of the general population. Being based on a sample survey, BCS estimates are subject to a margin of error. Police recorded crime statistics are administrative data based on notifiable crimes that are reported to and recorded by the police in England and Wales. Unlike the BCS, recorded crime includes crime against commercial and public sector bodies, and so-called victimles s crimes (such as drug possession offences).Recorded crime figures provide a good measure of trends in well-reported crimes (in particular, homicide, which is not covered by the BCS), can be used for local crime pattern analysis and are important indicators of police workload. However, there are also categories of crime whose numbers are heavily influenced by the extent to which police proactively investigate. Police recording practice is governed by the National Crime Recording Standard (NCRS). The NCRS was introduced nationally in April 2002 to ensure greater consistency and enhancer of crime recording between forces, together with a victim focus where crimes reported by the public are recorded unless there is credible evidence to the contrary. Crime data are collected from police forces for each crime within the Notifiable Offence List and according to Home Office counting Rules. Police recorded crime figures should be seen as a product of an administrative system where rules c an be subject to different interpretation and, for some categories of crime, can reflect police workload and activity rather than underlying levels of crime. Pg. 27 While the coverage differs both in terms of offence types and population groups, property crime accounts for the majority of both BCS and recorded crime (77% and 70% respectively) with force play, including robbery, accounting for most of the remainder 23 per cent of BCS crime and 22 per cent of recorded crime. Pg. 17 the introduction of the NCRS in April 2002 considerably increased the recording of less serious violent crime by the police and figures are not directly comparable across this break in the series.Philip Schlesinger Howard Tumber, 1999, Pg. 7 new forms of crime have emerged hard drug trafficking, terrorism and corporate fraud. Page receipts developments in police work such as computer use and forensic science, this allows for more crime to be detected.Newburn, 2012, the guardian theft has become much mor e difficult.Then there is surveillance. While the impact of CCTV is generally much less than one would imagine given how widespread it has become, it is effective in some areas and is an aid to the police and private security. There are now more police officers than there were 20 years ago. Add inPolice friendship Support Officers (PCSOs) security guards and the gradual re-emergence of other jobs with a partial safety and security focus (ticket inspectors, caretakers, park keepers and the rest) and you have a substantial expansion of the eyeball and ears available for crime prevention.Home Office Statistical Bulletin, 2010/11 Pg 29-30 BCS crime fell markedly between 1995 and the 2004/05 BCS. Since 2004/05 the underlying trend in BCS crime has move to be downward, although at a slower rate and with some fluctuation in year-to-year estimates. Recorded crime fell each year until 1998/99 when the spread out coverage and changes in the Counting Rules resulted in an increase in record ed offences this was followed by the introduction of the NCRS in April 2002, although some forces adopted NCRS practices before the standard was formally introduced. The introduction of NCRS led to a rise in recording in 2002/03 and, particularly for less serious violent crime, in following years as forces continued to improve compliance with the new standard. From 2001/02 to 2003/04 there was considerable divergence in the trends for BCS and police recorded crime, mainly associated with police recording changes (which particularly influenced violence against the person). Since 2003/04, despite some fluctuations, trends have been more consistent between the two series.

The Things They Carried and Herbert’s Article War is Personal :: Things They Carried Essays

   The Things They Carried and Herberts Article fight is Personal     Bob Herberts article, War is Personal, has many parallels to Tim OBriens fiction The Things They Carried. Although OBriens novel deals with the Vietnam War and Herberts article deals with the current war with Iraq, both describe the position of American soldiers and their struggle with living in war. OBriens novel is more personal than Herberts objective article but both show the importance of want, significance of pain, and the terror of young soldiers face.   In war it is important to be able to trust your fellow soldiers and allies because the conditions of war already has soldiers a bit jumpy, and edgy, according to Captain James McGahey in Herberts article. In OBriens novel downwind Strunk and Dave Jensen get into a fight over a stolen jackknife. Jenson injured Strunk and then broke his own nose because he was afraid of Strunk retaliating. Jensen was not able to trust Str unk to remain non-violent, which is important because, you never want to cave in to think whether you can trust the guy to your left or right, according to Captain James McGahey in Herberts article. Strunk and Jensen were able to trust each other again, making the war a little easier to handle. Although the article and novel were about two different wars, the two so far serve as complements to each other.   Another key event in war is the pain soldiers go through. OBrien describes the pain of many injuries he and his platoon mates have gone through. When OBrien got shot the second time, the medic, Jorgenson, was incompetent and didnt respond immediately. As OBrien explains, by the time Jorgenson got to him, I was gone with pain.(198) The same pain OBrien catchd was explained by a soldier in Herberts article who stated, There was nothing in the whole world except me and that pain. Wars excruciating pain is unavoidable for the young soldiers that have to experience it.   The soldiers are also a parallel in the two wars. Soldiers are young and not always in war for the right reasons. As Mrs. Paine says in Herberts article, Theyre just children, really.

Causes and Effects of the American Civil War Essay -- American History

Did you know that in the Civil War, America lost the near men ever? After four years and all over 600,000 American lives, the Union (North) prevailed in wearing down and forcing the Confederacy (South) to surrender. Eli Whitneys cotton gin, the molybdenum Compromise, and the Dred Scott case contributed greatly to the Civil War. After the Civil War, the Southern economy was deva sayd with millions of homeless, while the northern economy boomed. Eli Whitney created one of the first causes of the Civil. In 1793 Eli Whitneys purpose of the cotton gin greatly increased the amount of cotton produced. The cotton gin cleaned the cotton by extracting the cottonseeds efficiently. In the 1800s, 36,000 bales of cotton were exported, but after the designing of the cotton gin, 4,600,000 bales of cotton were produced. This could not be done with out the help of slave labor. Slave labor allowed the production of cotton to be profitable and the southerlyerly farms relied on slaves because they couldnt plant and harvest more cotton without them. The southern economy grew dependent on slave labor and some areas of the south consisted of over 50% slaves. As the tensions grew, the battle for free or slave states intensified. The Missouri Comprise decided whether Missouri would be admitted into the union as a state that would allow or prohibit slavery. This issue is due to the fact that Missouri doesnt lie on either side of the Ohio River. As of 1819 any states south of the Ohio R...

My Interest in Law :: Law College Admissions Essays

My Interest in Law My interest in reading law stems from an early exposure to the subject. I sometimes accompanied my grandfather to courts and was quick to later on imitate the inquisitive, argumentative, critical as well as negotiating characters of lawyers. Eventually, I decided I would become one. My chosen subjects have always reflected this decision and in my years 10 and 11, I won the Best-in-History award, while being highly competitive in English Language and Literature, Government and Religious Studies. At my A-Level stage, I thoroughly enjoy the research, analysis and writing that goes on in my chosen subjects of English Literature, economic science & Business Studies, Politics and Theology, most especially the latter two. Securing a work experience placement with Withers Solicitors, London enabled me to interact with solicitors and gain an insight to conglomerate aspects of the legal profession such as will drafting and family law. This increased my anxiety to study law. During my last spring holiday (April 2001), I got a telephone circuit working as a receptionist in Chalk Hill Heath Centre, Wembley, London. Apart from the dignity of labour I gained from doing the work, the experience of working with a large-minded variety of patients including the obdurate has better my communication skills. My participation in the Model United Nations (MUN) meetings elude by some schools in Europe and the USA has improved my debating skills, public speaking and helped me to cultivate the habit of researching as well as negotiating. These qualities are essential in the study and practise of law. In the Belfast 2001 MUN conference my delegation received the Commended Delegation award due to our hardwork and team effort. With my reputation as a morally upright student, I was appointed to the highly responsible invest of Anglican Chapel Prefect of my school from May 1999 to June 2000 and my task included mobilising students to attend worship on Sundays , as well as assisting other school prefects to run the school. My good communication skills helped to elect me to the office of the Secretary-General of the Photography Club from September 1999 to June 2000, during which I was responsible for minuting meetings and organising club activities. I co-organised a successful Afro-Caribbean Night at my school last May by which we raised seven hundred pounds for Hope and Homes Charity Organisation. At present I am a signal Prefect.

Analysis of the immigration problem :: essays research papers

Analysis of the Immigration ProblemThe world has gone through a revolution and it has changed a lot. We have cut the finale sets around the world with modern medicine and new farming methods. For example, we sprayed to destroy mosquitoes in Sri Lanka in the 1950s. In one year, the average life of everyone in Sri Lanka was extended by eight years because the number of large number dying from malaria suddenly declined.This was a great human achievement. But we cut the death rate without cutting the birth rate. Now population is soaring. There were about one billion people living in the world when the Statue of Liberty was built. There be 4.5 billion today. World population is growing at an enormous rate. The world is going to add a billion people in the next 11 years, thats 224,000 every day Experts say there will be at least 1.65 billion more people living in the world in the next twenty years.We must infrastand what these numbers mean for the U.S. Lets look at the question of jobs. The International Labor organization projects a twenty-year increase of 600 to 700 jillion people who will be seeking jobs. Eighty-eight percent of the worlds population growth takes place in the Third World. More than a billion people today are remunerative about 150 dollars a year, which is less than the average American earns in a week. And growing numbers of these poorly paid Third World citizens want to come to the United States.In the 1970s, all other countries that accept immigrants started controlling the number of people they would allow into theircountries. The United States did not. This heart that the huge numbers of immigrants who are turned down elsewhere will turn to the United States. The number of immigrants is staggering. The human suffering they represent is a nightmare. Latin Americas population is now 390 million people. It will be 800 million in the year 2025. Mexicos population has tripled since the Second World War. One third of the population of Mex ico is under ten years of age, as a result, in just ten years, Mexicos unemployment rate will increase 30 percent, as these children become young adults, in search of work. There were in1990 an estimated four million illegal aliens in the United States, and about 55 percent of them were from Mexico.These people look to the United States.