President Hindenburg and Adolf Hitler - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 422 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Adolf Hitler Essay Did you like this example? Toward the finish of WWI the German individuals felt deceived by their own legislature on the grounds that many trusted the war was lost due to an invasion of Jews who undermined the Kaisers capacity to govern Germany and take up arms. The Treaty of Versailles constrained an overwhelming weight upon a war torn Germany which aggravated the enduring of the German individuals. To exacerbate the situation the Kaiser fled Germany to Belgium and denied any fault for the war. What hardened that there was a Jewish-Bolshevik connivance against Germany was that after the Kaiser fled, he was supplanted by Kurt Eisner who happened to be a Jew and was additionally extremely vocal while reprimanding WWI on Germany. The evacuation of the Kaisers capacity and supplanting of him with Eisner was known as the Munich Revolution and was one of the impacting factors which made Hitler join the communist gatherings. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "President Hindenburg and Adolf Hitler" essay for you Create order Avoid forward a couple of years to 1929 and the accident of money markets; this dove the whole globe into a monetary sorrow from which there appeared to be no departure. Joblessness soar from 1 million to 6 million individuals without work and depending on the philanthropy of others or the administration just to endure. Hitler, being the ace advocate, seized upon this chance to build his xenophobic talk and persuade the German individuals that the Jews were to be faulted for the high joblessness and general hopelessness. He for the most part guided this sort of discourse to the industrial laborers who were most influenced by the despondency and were additionally for the most part undecided their identity going to vote in favor of in the up and coming races. Cut ahead a couple of more years to 1932 Presidential decisions. Hitler didnt win, he lost pitiably and President Hindenburg was re-chosen, however Hitler had a trap up his sleeve, he had been making ground-breaking companions in the German modern segment. Since these men fundamentally controlled the German economy, Hitler could utilize his impact with them to constrain Hindenburg to designate Hitler as the new Chancellor of Germany. When Hitler had his foot in the entryway somebody, however no one knows precisely who, set fire to the Reichstag working in Berlin. Hitler utilized this demonstration to, by and by, compel Hindenburg to hand over all capacity to him as an approach to secure the German individuals. When Hindenburg had done that, Hitler had at last taken aggregate control of the German government and could start actualizing different polices which eventually prompted the Holocaust and WWII.

The As A Visual And Television Culture - 1209 Words

Throughout the years, types of media have gradually changed. One of the most recent changes taking place in the second half of the twentieth century. In his book, Amusing Ourselves to Death, Neil Postman talks about the change from the age of typography to the age of visual media and how it has greatly impacted the American culture. Postman points out several reasons to support his opinion that the transition has indeed proven to have a negative effect on the American people. How did, what was once almost entirely a typographical culture, become so completely a visual and television culture? Postman begins explaining this transition by first describing what life in the 1800’s looked like. â€Å"Until the 1840’s, information could move only as fast as a human being could carry it†¦ America was still a composite of regions, each conversing in its own ways, addressing its own interests. A continent-wide conversation was not yet possible† (64). The only information people knew of the outside world was learned either by word of mouth or written letters delivered in person. Because it was so difficult to obtain information, Americans generally were only concerned with what was going on in their immediate surroundings. Even newspapers were mostly about local happenings. The gap was closed in 1837 with the invention of Samuel Morse’s telegraph. The telegraph provided a way for Americans to connect with people who would normally be too far to communicate with. 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The stereotypical codes give television and film audiences a common and quick way of understanding a particular person. In most cases, stereotypical codes focus on ethnicity, social roles, sexual

Strategic Plans for Business- Free-Samples- Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Effective Strategic Plans. Answer: Mission statement Business success depends on many aspects before and during the business operations as well developing effective Strategic Plans that address future development plan and expansions. Selecting the right business is, therefore, the first and most important requirement any entrepreneur must overcome, as this ensures the businesses success and long-term operation and growth. Canterbury Renovations specializes in the design and manufacture of cabinets which are a basic requiring in both the commercial premises and homestead(Talbot, 2003). Cabinets are a basic requirement for any building as they are used for storage and safe keeping of items making them an item which remains in high demand on the market. Canterbury Renovations Market Overview: PEST analysis Cabinets are a basic requirement for every building thus making them an item which remains in high demand among office, commercial building, factories, and homeowners. With practically every person requiring having a cabinet to place their items under lock and key, the demand for cabinets will always remain high(Griffin, 2010, p. 127). Canterbury Renovations currently specialized in the design and production of domestic premises cabinets made from metal and wood but has the scope to expand in many industries which also demand cabinet production. Practically every home and business requires cabinets thus opening up a huge opportunity to expand. SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses Continued High consumer demand Aggressive competitors Cabinet production specialization Rising cost of materials Low cost/ high quality cabinet Requires specialized labour skills Opportunities Threats Ever increasing demand for cabinets Competitors Product line expansion Retaining skilled labour Strategies Canterbury Renovations currently specializes in the manufacture of cabinets which is an industry which offers huge demand but also has the opportunity to expand and undertake other building renovation works(Usigbe, 2015). Cabinets allow for design and production to be made at a different location thus allowing the business to maintain its manufacturing unit outside the city and cut on rental costs as well as secure larger spaces. This helps the business remain competitive and deliver high-quality cabinets to its customers at low cost. Target Market and Positioning Currently, Canterbury Renovations specialized in manufacturing and renovating domestic and residential building cabinets mainly made of wood. The business also has an opportunity to expand its operation in the same area by targeting businesses and industries which also require cabinets and shelving for safe keep and storage of paper work and supplies. In addition to this, the business can also target schools which also offer a high demand for locker cabinets for its students to store their supplies safely(Treacy Wiersema, 2007). Product and Pricing Strategy Canterbury Renovations strategy is to offer high-quality products to its customers at low cost. Being a small business they must focus on delivering high quality and low prices so as to win consumer confidence. Profit margins have been compensated by locating business workshops on city suburbs which allow for rental cost reduction(Schindler Schindler, 2011). Agents visit the customers premises, take all measurement and manufacture the cabinets off site before transporting them back to the customer and installing them as required. Distribution and Promotional Strategy Being a small business and only recently having been started up Canterbury Renovations relies heavily on the social media to market and promote the brand. This allows the business target consumers from their own city and allows them to build a positive relationship with satisfied customers who further recommend the brand(Ferrell Hartline, 2012, p. 149). As the business develops a positive image the website shall be set up. Distribution f finished product and supplies are done using their own delivery van which also has the business name and logo with contact information thus allowing Canterbury Renovations to also advertise their presence while traveling and working. Conclusion Being a small business Canterbury Renovations must focus on keeping their costs low but at the same time, the business must also consider expanding their operation and addressing competitor issues. Labour needs are another major concern which needs addressing as the business must develop a close relationship with skilled labour to ensure long-term relationships and reduce employee turnover. This will help stabilize the businesses operate and allow for steady expansions and growth. Being a product required by all homesteads and businesses Canterbury Renovations has the potential to register aggressive expansion both in the domestic and international market in the future. Bibliography Ferrell, O., Hartline, M. (2012). Marketing Strategy. Mason: Cengage Learning. Griffin, D. (2010). Business with a Purpose: Starting, Building, Managing and Protecting Your New Business. Denver: Easy Brain Labs Inc. Schindler, R., Schindler, R. (2011). Pricing Strategies: A Marketing Approach. London: SAGE. Talbot, M. (2003). Make Your Mission Statement Work: Identify Your Organisation's Values and Live Them Every Day. Oxford: How To Books Ltd. Treacy, M., Wiersema, F. (2007). The Discipline of Market Leaders: Choose Your Customers, Narrow Your Focus, Dominate Your Market. Cambridge: Hachette UK. Usigbe, C. (2015). Business Strategies in Times of Crisis. Xlibris Corporation.

It Happens Once a Month Essay Example For Students

It Happens Once a Month Essay Honestly, being on my monthly period is definitely not what I look up to each month. To prove this, this is a story of an experience I recorded in my journal while at bible camp in October. It was the day before the last day of camp and at morning worship, I had these really bad pains (I thought I had to pee) and I went to the bathroom, but the pains didnt go away. So my day continued on, and after dinner, the person in charge told us the we were going to play a game in the forest. For some reason I just said to myself, hmm, looks like Ive got my period. and went straight to the game. I must of thought that it wasnt happening or it was something else. So I played the game, and my team won , so I was in a good mood. But I had to go to the bathroom again. I get to the bathroom and the spot was a little bigger. I was sitting in the stall and in the next stall I heard someone opening a pad. I had never heard that noise ever, but by the grace of God somehow I knew it was a pad. Somehow I mustered up the courage to ask this girl if I could have a pad because I had started my period, and she was just like Yeah, sure. If you need more, come find me. I said thank you, and went to put it on. It must have been a maxi pad, it was so thick. By this time, it was time for a campfire, so I uncomfortably sat through campfire masking my pain. This had to be the most embarrassing thing that has ever happened to me this month. There are times when I try not to even think about it with hopes that my body somehow forgets to flood me with reminders that I am fertile. I remember when I first got mine and there was kind of this thing where I thought it was cool. If I could go back, I’d tell myself it wasn’t cool and to put it back as long as I could. As time went on, I tried dealing with the pain and hormonal shifts in my body by not just curling in a ball on my bed, but by doing active things to ease the pain. The activities I do during the during of my period is play basketball, which helps me take out my anger and the movement of my body really relaxes me. Regarding my mood, I am usually a pretty calm person, but every month, I just get so irritated over the dumbest crap; I cant even stand being around people a lot of the time. Plus, I get the cramps from hell, which doesnt help my mood any. And man, I get the weirdest cravings, especially for anything thats sweet or sour: mint chocolate chip ice cream, lemonade, white chocolate etc. Ive never been much of a crier, and I dont tend to get emotional when Im PMSing, but . For a space of about two hours the day before I start literally anything will bother me. Also, this is more what PMS (as in Pre-Menstrual) feels like. I was expecting more of what it actually feels like to be on it. Like someone is ripping apart one of my organs from the inside or my reproductive system is a war zone and Im supposed to shove a foreign object up there? These are some of the thoughts I get when on my period. Sometimes, my period is so embarrassing at times, so I try to hide it. I was never the type to tell everyone I’m on my period.

Coaching and Mentoring in Business

Introduction Coaching and mentoring is very important in human development. Almost every sports personality, successful businesses, outstanding students, successful families have had either a coach or a mentor in their lives. The modern world has embraced fully, these two terms and is exploiting them to realize their full potential.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Coaching and Mentoring in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their popularity is credited to the uncountable success they have brought to individuals, groups and corporate clients. Coaching and mentoring usually share numerous similarities, regardless of whether they are done for reward (professionals) or for philanthropic purposes. This paper will explore coaching and mentoring, and in particular, concern itself with its benefits to business activities and management (Emelo, 2011, p. 44-49). Definitions Coaching is defined as the process through which learning and development are allowed to happen with the intention of improving performance. Coaches are required to have a thorough understanding of the knowledge, skills, techniques and styles suitable for the context under which coaching is to take place. This way he/she is capable of instilling confidence and ability to the learner. Mentoring refers to the process of providing guidance to another person in how he/she makes momentous transitions in work, thinking or knowledge (The New York Times Company, 2011, p. 1). Mentoring impart the mentee with confidence to make significant decisions that would help achieve success. Business coaching and mentoring is very important in instilling knowledge, skills, styles, and techniques as well as the ability to make significant decisions that are aimed at improving an individual’s achievement or business goals (The Coaching Mentoring Network Ltd., 2010, p. 1). Similarities and differences of coaching and mentoring Coaching an d Mentoring associate several ways since they aim at almost similar objectives such as exploring in individuals, their corporate needs, desires, skills and motivation, the aim of which is to help the them make genuine and long lasting modifications. Other similarities include, questioning techniques, progressive support of clients, observation, and listening techniques to understand the context, among others. Their main differences include the fact that in mentoring, when considered in its traditional context, implies that the mentor must be experienced in the line of mentorship, in most cases, the older and wiser take this responsibility to pass knowledge, which are of significant help to the mentee. On the other hand, coaching may be done even if the coach does not have direct experience of occupational responsibilities of the client , unless it requires focus on specific skills (The Coaching Mentoring Network Ltd., 2010, p. 1).Advertising Looking for essay on business econ omics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Coaching and Mentoring in Business Several changes that occur due to restructuring, mergers as well as acquisitions always prompt companies to outsource coaching and mentoring services. These services are nowadays provided to all professionals in companies for personal development purposes. They are aimed at promoting morale, productivity and motivation to lessen staff turnover, as it makes them feel connected and valued. This is usually done by internal mentors or coaching staff or in some cases outsourced. Coaching and mentoring is a two-way relationship, which affords the employee significant benefits of fulfilling his/her goals as the business or organization achieve their goals (The Coaching Mentoring Network Ltd., 2010, p. 1). Recent trends show that more individuals have made steps to hire their own private coaches and mentors, giving them a greater responsibility in maximizing their p otentials as well as achieve their personal objectives (ÄÅ'iutienÄâ€" Neverauskas Meiliene, 2010, 444-449). Conclusion Coaching and mentoring are very important in a business organization as they help impart a sense of belonging, moral, motivational, individual responsibility as well as the fulfillment of both personal and organizational objectives. This is important in ensuring continued focus and attainment of business goals. It also readies the staff for any eventualities like mergers and adjustments in responsibilities that may follow such changes (Madlock, 2010, p. 42-62). Reference List ÄÅ'iutienÄâ€", R. Neverauskas, B. Meiliene, E. (2010). Coaching as a Tool to Develop Employees Career. Economics and management. ISSN 1822-6515 (p. 444-449) Emelo, R. (2011). Creating a new Mindset. In T+D (pp. 44-49) Madlock, P. E. (2010). The Effects of Supervisors’ Verbal Aggression and Mentoring on Their Subordinates. In Journal of Business Communication (pp. 42-62) The Coach ing Mentoring Network Ltd. (2010). What is Coaching. Coaching Network. Retrieved from: http://new.coachingnetwork.org.uk/information-portal/what-are-coaching-and-mentoring/#BuscoachingAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Coaching and Mentoring in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The New York Times Company (2011). Top 15 Characteristics of a Successful Mentor. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.thebalancecareers.com/human-resources-4161680 This essay on Coaching and Mentoring in Business was written and submitted by user Danica Rosario to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Role of Alexander Hamilton in Federal Governments in the United States of America

The Role of Alexander Hamilton in Federal Governments in the United States of America What is the most significant part of Hamilton’s argument in Federalist 70? Why does Hamilton argue in favour of a single executive? Are the comparisons Hamilton makes to the Roman warranted? Alexander Hamilton is considered as the founder of principles that govern Federal Governments in the United States of America and thus the true architect of the modern administrative state. Hamilton’s most significant argument in Federal 70 was the creation of a strong executive.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Alexander Hamilton in Federal Governments in the United States of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hamilton in Federalist 70 believed that good governance could only be attained through an energetic and accountable executive. A critical look at Hamilton’s argument that was attached to the structure of government, administration and rule of law as well as policies is still relevant i n the contemporary United States of America. Hamilton expressed that a strong executive is a fundamental requirement for a nation’s economic prosperity, a view he held so dearly that he made political rivalry between him and people who held different views. It is imperative to note that during constitutional convention which was held in 1787, he advocated for a government in the form of an elected monarchy. This opinion was shot down by delegates in the convention. In spite of the defeat, he continued advocating for creation of a strong executive. Hamilton’s views of a strong executive were anchored on the failures of the confederation plan which aimed at over-devolution of government affairs. It was evident that a plan of devolution that gave states maximum discretion over the federal government was improper. This was because of difficulties in formulating and ratifying rules to govern the same which took years to come up with largely due to disagreements in boundarie s and commerce. In order to support the views of Alexander Hamilton, failure among states to work under the terms of the Paris Treaty that ended the Revolutionary War made leaders to agree on making a strong government that would supervise affairs of the states. This agreement was reached after states started formulating their own independent foreign policies while other states fought on whom to control the western land. By 1787, it was evident that the devolution plan was not working and the solution to this would be formulating a strong federal government that would have executive powers over the states’ governments.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The quest for a strong executive was echoed by Alexander Hamilton and being the first treasury secretary, he planned and wrote reports on modalities of creating strong executive government. His reports included r eport on public credit, manufacturing and creation of a national banking system. Hamilton considered three basic principles in his views regarding the newly agitated public administration structure and strategy. Firstly, Hamilton considered independence, responsibility and power as key principles that would indeed play a role if a strong executive agenda would succeed and give good results. According to Hamilton, the laws that had been ratified by the congress posed limitations on the independence of the federal government. It was his wish that for the executive to be able to implement laws, it required independence and freedom. It was also evident that Hamilton in his later works (such as in Federalist71) showed that there was need for separation of powers between the executive and the legislature. In addition, he showed that it was important to vest adequate authority to the executive such as freedom to determine how best to implement and administer laws. Hamilton was strongly con vinced that a weak government was bound to deliver poor results mainly due to bad policies. He also believed that there was much needed for a decisive organ that would drive policies on behalf of states’ governments. In addition, Hamilton held the view that it required a strong government to protect the people’s interest if they required to rule and be served at the same time. It is evident that the Federalist 70 (a book by Hamilton) was probably the first of its kind on the subject of public administration whose relevance was noted almost a century later. The book outlined what was entailed by â€Å"energy in the executive†. On the principle of power, Hamilton outlined that a strong executive required unity, and that there ought to have been a president as the leader of the government who should be in power for a definite duration of time. Also, he said that the president was supposed to be competent enough to be able understand and push policies for the good o f the nation. The third principle of responsibility was aimed at keeping the executive government accountable so that it didn’t exhibit or exercise too much power. Hamilton suggested that for the executive to be accountable, it required Congress that would supervise it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Alexander Hamilton in Federal Governments in the United States of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although Hamilton’s view on separation of powers between the legislature and executive was received well, he suggested that it could not be enough to vest all the authority to the Congress to check the executive. There was need for a stronger executive branch (Congress) that could have power to impeach even the president. There was strong need to check the executive so that it does not exercise too much power. Therefore, the proposed government would be responsible for its actions for the good of the citizen of the nation. In order to prove that his argument was the only way to push for the economic development agenda and a change from agrarian dependent economy to manufacturing, Hamilton in the capacity of treasury secretary was instrumental in the planning and creation of the First Bank of the United States of America which was government-supported. Hamilton’s view on a long term vision was that when an executive government is in place, it is possible to formulate policies that can change even the economic position of the nation. His vision of a manufacturing driven economy was that it would play a major role for America to engage in global commerce compared to an economy driven by agriculture. Hamilton’s strong support for a powerful government led by an executive leader was envisioned in the future of America in the sense that an economic transformation would only be possible when a strong executive was is in place to push the agenda forward. Hamil ton’s values for the administration of the United States of America can be summarized as a system that blends a strong executive (monarchy), a strong legislature (democratic) and an independent judicial system which has powers to overrule the will of the majority if liberty is destroyed (aristocracy). To enable this kind of system to flourish peacefully, there is need to balance them in such a way that none becomes more superior to the other or vise versa.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was evident that Alexander Hamilton admired and also had passion for Rome. His envisioned America resembled what used to be the administration in Ancient Roman Republic. Rome portrayed a history whose greatness was achieved through trade and commerce. In addition, this history was established and strongly supported by military of elite. It is generally viewed that Rome’s administration was strategized to command and conquer. The empire in Rome was mandated to protect the interests of the people led by a central figure. This was the exact vision that Hamilton had for American administration. In his era, Caesar was referred to as a destroyer of republics and thus never enjoyed the admiration of many people. However, Hamilton admired him and referred to him as â€Å"the greatest villain and the founder†. As mentioned earlier, Humiliations view was to have an executive leader whose mandate was to give an informed leadership by pushing forward the policies that would mak e America great. The Roman Empire shared the same set up. Hamilton’s vision would be put into operation by employing policies and mechanism that would reduce poverty through funding and assumption or through empowering the rich and employing mechanisms of expanding trade throughout the world. The latter would be put in place while still enforcing domestic fiscal authority. This strategy would be possible if a strong executive was put in place to push for these agendas. Hamilton’s vision encompassed a strong government’s quest to empower members of the political elite that would transform the administration from within. To date, America’s administration reflects the foundation that was laid by the founder of modern administration, Alexander Hamilton. His argument regarding the Roman Republic and his admiration of the system of administration in Rome are indeed warranted. Hamilton participated in the enactment of some of his proposals in the constitution th at changed the administration of the United States. Therefore, he can be rightfully referred to as the founder of modern administration in the United States of America.

Different branches Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Different branches - Essay Example These branches have different roles. The legislative branch has a primary role of making laws. Laws are made, discussed, and voted on by the Congress. In addition, the President’s appointments to various positions such as the Cabinet, Supreme Court, and the federal courts are approved by the Senate implying that this is a role of the legislature. The executive carries out the function of enforcing the laws that have been previously passed by the legislature (U.S. Federal Government, n.d). Here, the President has the sole duty of making laws official. The cabinet advises the President on important matters. The judiciary is mandated with the role of interpreting the laws and applying laws to cases. In addition, the judiciary determines whether a law violates the constitution. The main reason why the U.S government has three branches is to balance power through a system known as a check and balance system. This system ensures that no branch is overpowered and keeps the power in check since no individuals can allocate themselves more power than the constitution provides. A three-branch government was also appropriate with respect to controlling the government as all branches have equal responsibilities (U.S. Federal Government, n.d). The basic concept behind the separation of powers is distributing power among individuals and groups. This was to ensure that no one group or individual had absolute power over others to the point of making individual decisions meant for a country. The system of check and balances ensures that each group has some form of power over the other. Federalism can be said to be a political concept where a territory is governed by two governmental levels. This can be expounded from the U.S context of having the constitution allocating certain powers to both state governments and the central government. Similarly, the state governments have significant power on specific

An analysis of the financial crisis and collapse of Lehman Bros Essay

An analysis of the financial crisis and collapse of Lehman Bros - Essay Example An analysis of the financial crisis and collapse of Lehman Bros. Many of the investment strategies designed to improve the liquidity position of major banks and ensure asset growth had lost the majority of their value and companies such as Lehman Bros. were unable to find appropriate buyers for many derivatives that were backed by the high volume of home mortgages granted to higher-risk consumer segments prior to 2007. As aforesaid, the inter-dependency within the international banking system led to a crisis when asset values on certain derivatives plummeted, when major banking institutions could no longer successfully meet their debt obligations, and even sizeable financial bailouts both internal and from government were insufficient in sustaining banking operations. The main contributors to the financial crisis of 2007-2010 was not largely attributable to improper or lax regulatory forces, it was a product of poor banking leadership and inappropriate investment strategies within the financial institutions’ business models. This essay describes the catalysts for what drove the financial crisis, focusing specifically on the role of Lehman Bros. in facilitating the problem. Research has identified that the mechanisms creating the financial disaster included the derivatives market, investor and executive-level behaviour in the financial markets, poor auditing systems responding proactively to observable or quantitatively-supported market trends, and the growing consumer adoption of adjustable rate mortgages being offered by major banking institutions. ... The main contributors to the financial crisis of 2007-2010 was not largely attributable to improper or lax regulatory forces, it was a product of poor banking leadership and inappropriate investment strategies within the financial institutions’ business models. This essay describes the catalysts for what drove the financial crisis, focusing specifically on the role of Lehman Bros. in facilitating the problem. Research has identified that the mechanisms creating the financial disaster included the derivatives market, investor and executive-level behaviour in the financial markets, poor auditing systems responding proactively to observable or quantitatively-supported market trends, and the growing consumer adoption of adjustable rate mortgages being offered by major banking institutions. The Adjustable Rate Mortgage (ARM) Consecutive and recurring drops in the national interest rate in the United States and the United Kingdom occurring between 2001 and 2006 in an effort to stave off a perceived, impeding economic recession created a favourable environment for home ownership. When the Federal interest rate is lowered, it affects the published prime rate by which financial lenders establish an appropriate interest rate on home mortgages. In 1982, the prime rate in the United States was set at a record of 19 percent (Fedprimerate.com 2013), a period where the country was emerging from a period of intense inflation increases and previous economic recession. Home mortgages generated between 1982 and 2000, therefore, were significantly profitable for lending institutions as they were able to justify loan generation to diverse consumer

Book review of Ethics on the Job by R. Pfeiffer and R. Forsberg Essay

Book review of Ethics on the Job by R. Pfeiffer and R. Forsberg - Essay Example This paper explores the strengths and weaknesses of the book as a reference for business and management students. Based on the book review, this book is best for undergraduate business, management, marketing, and other business-related courses, because it provides a brief overview of business ethics and provides pragmatic solutions to different business cases. Main Arguments The main argument of Pfeiffer and Forsberg (2005) is that when surmounting ethical challenges, employees and the management should use critical thinking in determining all conflicting rights and values, before choosing which ones have to be upheld. The decision for the resolution must consider different oppositions and diverse alternatives. Furthermore, Pfeiffer and Forsberg (2005) wants stakeholders to collaborate together in making long-term solutions. They are teaching business and management students to not have a myopic view of ethical dilemmas. ... They recommended the use of ethical principles, rights, and values in making the right business decisions, so that managers and employees can have the tools for making ethical decisions for different levels (i.e. management or individual levels). Strengths Content The first strength of the book is that it is a book on applied ethics. It does not focus on explaining diverse theoretical and philosophical approaches to ethical decision-making, but instead, it devotes itself to different cases that tackle diverse ethical scenarios. It provides numerous cases that will expose students to different kinds of individual, team, and organization-level ethical dilemmas. This way, Pfeiffer and Forsberg (2005) are training students on how to view and analyze different ethical challenges that they may face in real life. Through different cases, students will also become updated with emerging ethical issues, such as environmental, technological, and multicultural ethical concerns. They will underst and that global, regional, and national events and conditions also impact local business ethical problems. The second strength of the book is that it offers a workable decision-making framework for students. The RESOLVEDD strategy defines stakeholders and their conflicting principles, rights, and values, which is essential in understanding the problem at hand. A complete understanding of the problem can lead to a more comprehensive analysis of the ethical dilemma and will help determine more potential alternative solutions. Win-win solutions can be better viewed, when all conditions and stakeholders are considered. Ferrell and Ferrell (2009) highlighted the

Indian National Satellite System Information Technology Essay

Indian National Satellite System Information Technology Essay Our region is unlikely to achieve a degree of stability in the near future. Practically speaking, there will always be social, political and economic turmoil, at least for some time to come. Such a situation remains conducive to all forms of unrest and violence. The natural implication is that there would always be unforeseen emergent situations. I think that aerospace power is the only instrument that possesses the required speed and flexibility, when military intervention would be required. Air Chief Marshall FH Major  [1]   1. It is the capacity of getting others to do what we want, without coercing them because they will then admire our achievements and emulate us. Indias space programme needs to be viewed as the most thus. It is an important factor that has contributed immensely towards giving India its soft power status. India chose space to address the real problems of society and took initiative to develop space technology for the benefit of the nation and the common man, contrary to the path of countries like Soviet Union, US, China and European Union who developed space capabilities having origin in strategic and military domain. Today, India has a robust and self reliant space infrastructure and technological prowess with capability to design and build satellites for providing space services and to launch them using indigenously designed and develop launch vehicles. India has been able to achieve the present capability encompassing IRS, INSAT, PSLV, GSLV and mission to moon in just about forty y ears. The progress, present capability and future plans of ISRO are discussed briefly in succeeding paragraphs. Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) System 2. India established National Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS) in late 1970s under Department of Space (DOS) with an aim to develop indigenous remote sensing satellite system. The major elements of NNMRS encompass conceptualization and implementation of space segments with the necessary ground based data reception, processing and interpretation systems integrating the satellite based remotely sensed data with conventional data for resource management applications. Starting with IRS-1A in March 1988, there are eight remote sensing satellites in operation at present. The details of these satellites are tabulated below. Table 1: Details of Operational IRS Satellite Satellite IRS-1D Ocean sat-1and 2 TES Resource sat-1 Cartosat-1 Cartosat-2 Cartosat-2A,2B IMS-1 Launched in 1997 1999, Sep 09 2001 2003 2005 2007 2008. Jul 10 2008 Vehicle PSLV-C1 PSLV-C2 PSLV-C3 PSL-C5 PSLV-C6 PSLV-C7 PSLV-C9 PSLV-C9 Payload PAN, LISS-III, WIFS Res 5.8m OCM, MSMR PAN Res 1m LISS4, LISS3, MSC Res 5.8m Two PAN Cameras Res 2.5m Two steerable Cameras Res 80cm PAN Res 70cm MSC Res 37m, HySI Res 506m 3. The data from IRS satellites is utilised for applications including land use/ cover mapping, crop acreage and production estimate, wasteland mapping, forest cover mapping, wetland mapping, coastal zone regulation mapping etc. The TES and CARTOSAT series satellites have limited military applications as well with high resolution imagery. 4. The future programmes involve land and water resources series, Resourcesat-2 and 3, Imaging radar application through RISAT-1, DM SAR-1, RISAT-3 and RISAT-4L, Ocean biology and sea state application through Oceansat-2 and 3, cadastral and infrastructure mapping and analysis through Cartosat-3 and 4, TES-HYS and HyS-OP with hyperspectral sensors for application in forestry, agriculture, coatal zone and inland waters, soil and mineral/ rock mapping etc.  [2]   Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) 5. INSAT co-ordination Committee (ISS) was created as an apex body to address the development of Space Communication, Broadcasting and Meteorology and planning their utilization to meet the social needs of India. Due to the non-availability of appropriate launch vehicle for placing a satellite in Geostationary orbit, the INSAT series of satellites had been launched by commercially available launch vehicles till 2001 when India tested GSLV. With 211 transponders onboard 11 active INSAT series satellites, it is the largest domestic satellite communication infrastructure in Asia. It is used for variety of applications such as telecommunication, broadcasting, meteorology and search rescue. The details of operational INSAT satellites are tabulated below. Table2: Details of Operational INSAT Satellites Satellite Launch Vehicle Weight in Kg Payload INSAT-1E 1999 Ariane-4 2550 17 C band transponder, VHRR with 2 km and CCD with 1 km resolution INSAT-3B 2000 Ariane-5 2070 12 C Band and 3 Ku band transponder. S Band mobile satellite service payloads. INSAT-3C 2002 Ariane-5 2750 30 C band and 2 S Band transponder. KALPANA-1 2002 PSLV-C4 1060 Exclusive weather satellite with VHRR and data relay transponder. INSAT-3A 2003 Ariane-5 2950 18 C band, 6 Ku Band transponders. VHRR with 2 km resolution and CCD camera with 1 km resolution. Dedicated transponder for satellite aided search and rescue. GSAT-2 2003 GSLV-D2 2000 4 C Band, 2 Ku Band transponder. Other experimental payloads. INSAT-3E 2003 Ariane-5 2750 36 C Band transponder. EDUSAT 2004 Ariane-5 1950 6 Ku Band, 6 C band transponder. 1 Ku Band beacon to help ground users for accurate antenna pointing and uplink power control. INSAT-4A 2005 Ariane-5 3100 12 C Band, 12 Ku Band transponder for DTH, broadcasting and other community services. INSAT-4B 2007 Ariane-5 3025 12 C Band, 12 Ku Band transponder for DTH, broadcasting and other community services. INSAT-4CR 2007 GSLV-F04 2130 12 Ku Band transponder and 1 KU Band beacon for tracking the satellite. Provides DTH, video picture transmission and digital signal gathering services. 6. With increased demand on bandwidth due to services like 3G, HD TV, Wi-FI and Wi-Max systems, more number of transponders are required which would mean more INSAT satellites. ISRO has been launching INSAT satellites in 2 Ton class which would have to be enhanced to 5-6 Tons. The launch of such satellites would be limited by the present capability of GSLV which is about 4 Ton for GSLV MK-3. ISRO intends to enhance the transponders to 500 by 2012 under 11th plan.  [3]   Satellite Launch Vehicles 7. Unlike the US, USSR and China, Indias launch vehicle development has been strictly a civilian programme like Japan and EU. Under the aegis of Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, India developed the first indigenous launch vehicle SLV (four stage rocket with solid propellant) with the object of placing a 40 Kg satellite into 400 km orbit. Three launches were carried out during early eighties carrying Rohini satellites, two of them being successful. With the expertise gained, ISRO expanded it a PSLV programme was initiated. ASLV (five stage solid propellant) programme was also undertaken simultaneously as a low cost intermediate vehicle for trying critical technologies such as strap-on booster and new guidance system required for PSLV. The payload capability was thus enhanced to 150 Kg. 8. With the success of ASLV, work further progressed on PSLV (four stage rocket alternately solid and liquid propellant stage with six strap on boosters), which was basically meant to be able to place a 1000 Kg IRS series satellite in sun synchronous polar orbit. With continuous upgrades the payload capacity has been increasing (1600 Kg now), 12 out of 14 launches have been successful including the launch of Chandrayan-1. ISRO is further developing PSLV-HP with 2000 Kg payload capacity, which would be used to launch seven navigational satellites.  [4]   9. GSLV programme was started in 1990 to end Indias dependence on the former Soviet Union for launch of heavy satellites. Essentially, to be able to launch a satellite to geostationary orbit, a cryogenic engine rocket stage is required in addition to the liquid propellant stage and solid propellant stage. Indias GSLV programme encountered a roadblock when the technology of cryogenic engine was denied to ISRO in the name of MTCR, stating that the same technology can be used for ICBM. ISRO did get access to the cryogenic engines from Russia without the technology and finally was able to successfully use it in 2001 when GSAT-1 was placed in geostationary orbit on board the first indigenously developed GSLV. Since then several successful launches of GSLV have been conducted placing GSAT-2, EDUSAT and INSAT-4CR in to orbit. 10. With this capability India has achieved the full complement of capabilities needed for the country in space infrastructure creation, including the scientific satellites in near earth orbit, the IRS in polar orbit and INSAT in geostationary orbit. Meanwhile ISRO continues to develop indigenous cryogenic engine and finally in 2007 completed the successful ground trials of the fully indigenous cryogenic engine. The research is further on to develop GSLV MK-3 capable of launching 4400 Kg initially and stepping it up to 6000 Kg.  [5]   Other Developmental Programme 11. Chandrayaan. India became the fifth nation to launch a moon orbiter after US, Russia, EU, Japan and China in 2008. The launch of Chandrayaan-1 onboard the core alone configuration of PSLV-C11 demonstrates the technological capability of ISRO. The most significant success among many is the fact that compared to Chinese and Japanese moon missions launched in 2007, Indias mission costed only half and one fifth respectively, while beaming far better pictures of moon compared to their missions. Another mission to moon Chandrayaan-2 with a land-rover with robotic instruments is planned to be launched in 2011. A manned mission to moon is likely to be planned by the end of next decade.  [6]   12. Satellite Navigation. India has felt the need for an independent navigation system after being dependent on US GPS and the Russian GLONASS for long. A two pronged strategy of developing a wide area GPS augmentation system (GAGAN) and a regional system known as the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) has been started. GAGAN is conceived by ISRO and Airport Authority of India to aid civil air traffic in India to enable precise landing. In effect, GAGAN will augment the capabilities of GPS by enhancing the accuracy and reliability presently provided by GPS. Compared to the existing accuracy of 30 m at 50 bits/ sec, accuracy of 6-8 m at 500 bits/ sec would be available. This would be possible with three geostationary satellites having dual frequency GAGAN payload. The final system acceptance has already been done in 2007. The IRNSS project as a fully indigenous effort was started in 2006. It would have seven satellites and would give 2 m accuracy, all weather 24 hour operation over India and the region extending to about 1500-2000 km around it.  [7]   13. Bhuvan. With the capability of excellent imagery, ISRO has planned an Indianised version of Google maps. It would provide a zoom up to 10 m compared to 200 m available through Google Earth. Incorporation of GPS into the online tool is also planned with yearly image up date.  [8]   14. Space capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE). The objective of SRE is to demonstrate the capability to recover an orbiting capsule back to earth. With successful recovery of SRE-1 from Bay of Bengal, which was launched on board PSLV-C7 in Jan 2007 certain critical technologies such as reusable thermal protection system, deceleration and floating system, reentry control and propulsion system, space qualified parachute system, locating aids etc. were tested. It is major milestone in Indias Space Programme. A fully operational recovery capsule will pave the way for indigenous manned flights by India.  [9]   15. Space Situational Awareness. The ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Bangalore provides situational awareness and tracking of LEO satellites as well as launch vehicle missions. ISTRAC has its headquarters at Bangalore with network of ground stations at Bangalore, Lucknow, Sriharikota, Port Blair and Thiruvanantpuram in India besides stations at Mauritius, Bearslake (Russia), Brunei and Biak (Indonesia). The Master Control Facility (MCF) of ISRO is at Hassan (Karnataka) and Bhopal (MP) which monitors and controls all GEO satellites. The operations involve continuous tracking, telemetry and commanding, special operations like eclipse management, station keeping manoevres and recovery etc. In addition for Chandrayaan mission, Indian Deep Space Tracking Network (DSTN) is established at Bangalore. It is likely to enhance Indias space situational awareness which would be required especially in the light of Chinas ASAT and micro-satellite capability.  [10]   16. Indias Ballistic Missile Program. The Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program is an initiative to develop and deploy a multi-layered ballistic missile defense system to protect India from ballistic missile attacks. Introduced in light of the ballistic missile threat from Pakistan, it is a double-tiered system consisting of two interceptor missiles, namely the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile for high altitude interception, and the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Missile for lower altitude interception. The two-tiered shield should be able to intercept any incoming missile launched 5,000 kilometers away. PAD was tested in November 2006, followed by AAD in December 2007. With the test of the PAD missile, India became the fourth country to have successfully developed an Anti-ballistic missile system, after United States, Russia and Israel. On March 6, 2009, India again successfully tested its missile defense shield, during which an incoming enemy missile was intercepted at an altitude of 75 km. Development of the anti-ballistic missile system began in 1999. Around 40 public and private companies were involved in the development of the systems. They include Bharat Electronics Ltd and Bharat Dynamics Ltd, Astra Microwave, ASL, Larsen Toubro, Vem Technologies Private Limited and Kel Tech. Development of the LRTR and MFCR (Multi-function Fire Control Radar) was led by Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE). Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) developed the mission control software for the AAD missile. Research Centre, Imarat (RCI) developed navigation, electromechanical actuation systems and the active radar seeker. Advanced System Laboratory (ASL) provided the motors, jet vanes and structures for the AAD and PAD. High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) supplied the propellants for the missile. 18. Swordfish is the indigenous target acquisition and fire control radar for the BMD system. The LRTR currently has a range of 600 km (370 mi) to 800 km (500 mi) and can spot objects as small as a cricket ball. The DRDO plans to upgrade the capacity of Swordfish to 1,500 km by 2011. Two new anti ballistic missiles that can intercept IRBM/ICBMs are being developed. These high speed missiles (AD-1 and AD-2) are being developed to intercept ballistic missiles with a range of around 5,000 km (3,100 mi). The test trials of these two systems are expected to take place in 2011. The new missile will be similar to the THAAD missile deployed by the U.S.A. These missiles will travel at hypersonic speeds and will require radars with scan capability of over 1,500 km (930 mi) to successfully intercept the target. 19. India is also planning to develop a laser based weapon system as part of its defense to intercept and destroy missiles soon after they are launched towards the country. DRDOs Air Defence Programme Director V. K. Saraswat says that its ideal to destroy a ballistic missile carrying nuclear or conventional warheads in its boost phase. Saraswat further added that it will take another 10-15 years for the premier defence research institute to make it usable on the ground. In 2009, reports emerged of a new missile named the PDV. The PDV is said to be a two solid stage hypersonic anti-ballistic missile similar in class to the THAAD. The PDV is intended to replace the existing PAD in the PAD/AAD combination. It will have an IIR seeker for its kill vehicle as well. The PDV will replace the PAD with a far more capable missile and will complete the Phase 1 of the BMD system, allowing it to be operational by 2013. Phase 2 development will take over for protection against missiles of the 5,000 km (3,100 mi) range class. The PDV is designed to take out the target missile at altitudes above 150 km (93 mi). Buoyed by recent successes DRDO is accelerating the pace of development of the BMD. Finally, with all the previous failures acting as a stepping stone and learning valuables lessons from them, Indias technological prowess has come to the fore and this gives a new confidence and boost to other projects hanging in limbo and some of them can incorporate the technologies developed for this project.  [11]   20. Indias Dedicated Military Satellite Program. DRDO Chief Saraswats stated in Oct 2010 about Indias decision not to be coy about its military satellite program. The shift in policy probably stems from the knowledge that its military satellite program will not attract US sanctions against ISRO as would have happened in the past. We are looking at launching one or two satellites every year to fulfill the requirements of all three military formations, Saraswat said. Once these satellites are operational, we will be able to see troop movements along the borders. The key requirement is high-resolution images with precision. The army, the navy and the air force have varied requirements, and it wont be appropriate to give the exact numbers. Data and commands can be sent through these satellites to cruise missiles. he added. 21. The satellites will be developed and launched by ISRO based on requirements projected by the armed forces. Some of the latest developments are as under:- Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite (CCI-Sat). The satellite is being developed with a budget of Rs 100 crore by theDefense Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL) under the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO). The existence of the project was revealed in February 2010 by DLRL director G. Bhoopathy. We are in the process of designing and developing a spacecraft fitted with an intelligent sensor that will pick up conversations and communications across the borders, he told reporters in Bangalore before the start of the first international conference on electronic warfare (EWCI 2010).The satellite will feature a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and be used for imaging and communication. It will be capable of detecting conversations and espionage activities in the region.The satellite will be launched in the lower earth orbit about 500 km above the earth on board the polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV).The satellite, which will be operational by 2014, will als o serve as a test bed for anti-satellite weapon development.  [12]   Navy Satellite. A dedicated satellite to facilitating Naval communication and network centric warfare will be launched into geostationary orbit by ISRO in 2010, Indian Defense Minister, AK Antony announced during Senior Naval Officers Conference in New Delhi on October 22, 2009. The satellite will facilitate networking of IN warships, submarines and aircraft among themselves as well as with operational centres ashore through high-speed data-links, allowing Maritime threats to be detected and shared in real-time to ensure swift reaction. The multi-band satellite will weigh 2,330 kg. (5,137 lb.). The satellite will provide coverage over a 600 x 1,000 nm area of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), which India considers to be its primary area of responsibility in terms of maritime security. The project cost is Rs 950 crore. IAF Satellite. The first dedicated IAF satellite is scheduled for launch in FY 2011-12, after the Navy satellite scheduled for launch in FY 2010-11.The satellite will serve as the air forces eye in the skies. It will link up the six AWACS, that the IAF plans acquiring, with each other as well as other ground and air-based radars. CONCLUSION 17. For many in India, militarisation and weaponisation are synonymous and, hence, one can attribute the present state of Indian militarisation of space to this fact. Reacting to the need of the Indian Air Force (IAF) for an Aerospace Command likely to be set up at Akkulam, in Tiruvanathapuram, the then External Affairs Minister, Pranab Mukherjee, stated at the inauguration of the international seminar hosted by the IAF as part of its Platinum Jubilee celebrations on February 5, 2007, There is merit in asking for the creation of separate institutions to oversee the assets that take warfare into space it does not mean that India will go back on international commitments and weaponise space-based assets. Recent developments have shown that we are treading a thin line between current defence related uses of space and its actual weaponisation. While the reaction of the former defence minister underscores the fine line separating the issue of militarisation and weaponisation, the same can not be said of the Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Madhavan Nair. Reacting to the Chinese ASAT test of January 11, 2007, and on the possibility of India doing an encore, he said the country was against militarising space. 18. These statements only underline the fact that there is still a lot of ground to be covered in India on dispelling the myth about militarization and weaponisation being synonymous. However, for the world at large, the common understanding has been that weaponisation is a sub-set of militarisation and there is but a subtle difference between the two. If one envisions a continuum running from space systems being used for civil purposes to satellites providing services to support terrestrial military operations to satellites being integral parts of terrestrial weapon systems, to weapons themselves being deployed in space, weaponisation occurs when the upper range of the spectrum is reached. At its most extreme, space weaponisation would include the deployment in quantity of a full range of space weapons, including satellite-based systems for ballistic missile defence (BMD), space based anti-satellite weapons (ASATs), and a variety of space-to-earth weapons (STEW), and these would pla y a central role in any type of military operation.  [13]   19. There are some 500 operating satellites of various types orbiting the Earth at present. While most communication and military satellites for early warning are in geostationary orbits, there are several satellites in low and medium orbit. Most prominent amongst them is the International Space Station (ISS) (340 km). The use of satellites for the enhancement of security and defence has become ubiquitous, and India is no exception. As an emerging space power with wide-ranging strategic interests, and with a military establishment undergoing large-scale modernisation in order to meet the security challenges of the 21st century, Indias reliance on space systems for its security and defence needs is gradually set to increase. 20. With budding strategic and economic ties with Europe, Russia and the United States, India is well placed to leverage international efforts in a number of aspects of space security and defence. This will not only facilitate meeting its own growing requirements, but will also establish long-term and mutually advantageous programmes with its allies. The environment is absolutely ripe for international policy and industrial collaboration with India at the hub of all activity. 21. Space-based technologies play an increasingly critical role in the maintenance and development of national and international infrastructures. With the benefits of the widespread application of peaceful outer space technology, comes the urgent need for the international community to understand, communicate and cooperatively regulate activities in the outer space. Potential dangers such as the dissemination of dual use technologies, the shift from the militarization of space to the weaponization of space, and the growing problem of space debris are threatening to undermine security in outer space as well as prospects for its peaceful use by humanity as a whole. More than 130 States have interests at stake either as space-faring nations or indirectly benefiting from the use of commercial satellites. There is an international consensus on the general principle of the importance and urgency of preventing an arms race in outer space, as shown by the regular adoption by the UN General A ssembly, without any negative vote, of a number of resolutions since 1990. However, there has been a lack of political and diplomatic action, whereas existing frameworks such as the 1967 Outer Space Treaty and the 1979 Moon Agreement are insufficient for dealing with the challenges that we now foresee. Today, the Space Issue has become an integral part of the Global Security discourse. Almost every country is concerned about certain developments that are taking place in this field as any kind of offensive technological Development can make space security for every nation or for most of them vulnerable. Space Security being a universal issue, it is necessary that there should be an international understanding and cooperation. One can say that the use of Space has become almost indispensable for the world community. It has to be noted that in the civilian arena, the space market is emerging as a big player with lots of scope for business. That is something good for the world economy , the sole threat to it being weaponisation of space. 22. The Anti-Satellite Test (ASAT) by China on 11 January 2007 for instance, in which it shot one of its own satellites to demonstrate its anti-satellite capability. It was an act reminiscent of the 1960s James Bonds films in which disgruntled Chinese Generals destroy satellites by the US and Russia towards world dominance. The facts are still far from that fiction but the ASAT demonstration nonetheless sent shivers in various world capitals. The old Chinese satellite was monitoring weather since 10 May 1999, and its destruction created hundreds of shrapnel, of varying sizes, that are now also orbiting the earth and posing tremendous dangers to satellites. That this kind of technology has existed is known. But its demonstration has brought the issueof weaponization of space to the forefront and has shown that what a country, with destructive technological superiority, can do in Space. Can a country with ASAT technology render the defence mechanisms of other countries almost helpless? Perhaps yes. Can the consequences mean some kind of space war, with its debris literally falling on earth? The answer to that also is perhaps yes. The Chinese test was unanimously criticized as a threat to peace by all the participants, a clear indication of the world communitys desire for peace in the space. Considering all these aspects the need for a focused attention on the various aspects of the Space Security is not far -fetched. 23. There is a need for space faring nations to put their efforts together to launch time-bound, financially-shared programmers to take up societal missions on a large scale, pooling their capabilities in launch vehicles, spacecraft and applications. Such major cooperation itself will act a great measure towards space security, benefiting all without exception. Additionally, it would also help empower the most underprivileged, minimizing communication gaps and reducing threats for conflicts. The use of commercial off-the-shelf technologies widely available from the industrial and indeed leisure industries has enabled the development of a new class of space assets which are low-cost, rapid response and yet highly capable small satellites. The cost, nature of technology and scale of these small satellites brings access to the high ground of space within the reach of virtually every nation. While this can be perceived as a potential threat by some super power, which may view this develo pment as erosion of their historical dominance of space, it can also be argued that increased situational awareness from space and the opportunity for wider participation by developing nations in the exploration of space and its applications should help in a decrease in international tensions. 24. The recent trends and developments in commercial space sector indicated significant growth prospects for this industry. It was insisted that the countries are increasingly looking at the commercial space sector as a critical infrastructure for national security. The wider growth of this industry is possible only with the adaptation of innovative but economical technologies, for otherwise it would remain limited to the countries that have the capability to invest in capital intensive projects. The budding countries like India, should invest in technologies like the Near Space technology which can become an alternative to the many existing high cost space platforms. The countrys indigenous industry needs to look into investments in technologies like the nano-technology and scramjet which can help reduce the cost of various space projects. The main challenge of the 21st century in the advancement of space law is to balance the competing complementary interests of the military, intel ligence, civil and commercial space communities.  [14]  

The Future of Education Essay -- Teaching Teachers Essays

The Future of Education As teachers our primary concern should be the students and what type of learning environment will be best suited to meet their needs. There are many different opinions as top what the most effective or appropriate curriculum is for the students. I do not believe there is any one philosophy that can provide the ideal curriculum for each and every student. Just as there are numerous methods of teaching, there are also numerous ways to learn. It is essential that we keep this in mind as we help the students achieve their goals and discover their talents. Above all we must encourage the students to try new things and do what we can to prevent limiting them in any way. I do not feel that I completely fall under any of the major teaching philosophies, but I do mostly agree with the progressivists. The school system needs to attempt to keep their curriculum as current as possible with the ever changing technological advances. I also believe that the students will be able to retain what they learn if they are given hands on projects that pertain to the subject material. It is not my intent to undermine traditional book learning, which is still an essential part of the schooling process, but basic book learning cannot be the total emphasis of the school program. The school system should not eliminate some of the some of the classes such as Agricultural Science, Music, Art, or the Shop classes. Elimination of these types of classes ...

Marketing during Economic Depression

Marketing Under the Situation of Economic Depression The financial crisis originated in Wall Street of United States has spread all over the world rapidly. Because of the firmer and closer economic connections between countries, almost every country is beginning to experience somewhat economic depression. Considering the issue of marketing under the situation of economic depression is becoming necessary for many companies in any area of the world. Marketing is defined as a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. A company wanting to have a successful marketing strategy should first understand the marketing environment around it. A company's marketing environment consists of the actors and forces outside marketing that affect marketing management's ability to develop and maintain successful transactions with its target customers. And the economic depression situation should be considered as part of the marketing environment study area. The ever changing microenvironment and macroenvironment offer both opportunities and threats to companies. If a company wants to be successful in any condition, it should know the vital importance of watching and adapting to the changing environment, so it can avoid the unfavorable conditions and grasp any opportunities. Economic environment is one of macro factors that influence a company’s marketing concerns. Theoretically, it consists of factors that affect consumer purchasing power and spending patterns. Under the situation of economic depression, both consumer purchasing power and spending patterns have, to some extent, changed. Therefore, a company must have a clear picture of what those changes are. As for the consumer buying power, depressed economic situation is always related with reduced consumer buying power. For example, during the 1997’s Asian economic crisis, country after country saw their currency depreciate as the crisis unfolded. The consumers of those Asian ‘tiger' economies became more financially cautious and they spent much less at that time. Considering the spending patterns, as Engle suggested, when family income rises, the percentage spent on food declines, the percentage spent on housing remains constant and both the percentage spent on other categories and that devoted to savings increase. The reduced income in the economic depression has a large impact on what a certain person buys, for instance, he may spend less on entertainment or clothes, and the percentage of income spending on food may increase. Therefore, we can see that the depressed economy is going to influence consumer buying behavior. For all the four cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors, they affect the consumer purchase strongly. Under depression, there are a few phenomena that are notable for companies. First, consumers prefer more relatively cheap goods and fewer luxuries. There is a statistic number for the 1997 Asian economic crisis, in Thailand, 58% people didn’t buy any designed clothes any more and 45% people didn’t drink whisky. While recent economic crisis in Vietnam made the sales of automobile plummet. According to a report of VAMA, 16 members of this automobile manufacturing association only sold 11500 cars in May 2008, 2000 fewer those sales of April. Also, consumers may turn to the brands whose brand image are associated with mass market and people buy less imported goods. Second, towards companies’ promotion and advertisement, consumers may react differently than before. Since the economic depression brings a lot of psychological pressure to people, they are not as interested as in the sales ads any more. They may buy goods that are in promotion, but most of them will buy less or buy smaller size packages. Third, as for the shopping place, people prefer the discounted stores that the expensive department store. During the 1973 oil crisis in America, the frequency of 79. % consumers shopping in the discounted stores or buying directly from wholesales increased a lot. Apart from the changes above, there is another point; that is, the consumption of necessities varies a little, since they have relatively inelastic demands. So what should a company do in face of the changing marketing environment? There are several responses as for the environment change. Companies react differently because some view the change is uncontrollable thus passively adap t, while others may try to influence the change and take a proactive approach. The depressed economy is generally viewed as an uncontrollable element, so companies should try to find methods to adapt in the existing situation. To begin with, companies must focus on their core competitive advantage and reduce the extended brands marketing that are not so competitive. In the depressed economy, it is not only the consumers that are influenced; companies also have fewer resources to use. Companies should withdraw from those less competitive markets and use its own limited resources (human resources, capital and marketing channels, etc. used to consolidate and strengthen the markets of products of core competitiveness. Then is the promotion and advertising strategy for the company. As noted before, consumers are not that easily to be influenced by those things. So companies should target the audience of ads accurately, and avoid the way to waste money on the advertising to those who rarely buy the goods. It is suggested that companies use less mass adverting methods , such as ads on newspaper and leaflets. Instead, companies should try to ensure that people who read the ads have a high probability to buy the goods. For example, a Targeting Mobilephone Magazine sends the sales information messages to 200,000 high-end subscribers. That method is of low cost, but it is far more effective than traditional ways. Furthermore is the price issue. People are more sensitive to the price and they want cheaper goods than before since their purchasing power is often reduced during the depression. People decrease their consumption on luxuries and other high quality high price goods. The more for less, the same for less and less for much less value proposition strategy are more likely to succeed in this situation. In addition, since customers are likely to turn to the local discounted stores, companies may change their distribution channels a bit. They can put more goods in the discounted stores and warehouse-style supermarkets. If the economic recession is just in the range of home country, companies can also increase the export. However, not all companies have to take a conservative approach in the economic downturn. For some of them, especially the big and strong companies, it is a good chance for them to expand their market share. Since depressed economy just makes some small competitors bankrupt, the strong companies can get the consumers of those companies, thus having a larger market share. If a company can establish an image that is reliable and indestructible at the time when customers have some psychological pressure, it is more likely to win the favor of customers even after the depression is over. There is a saying, the more serious the depression, the more opportunities in the market. And the CEO of Alibaba. om, Ma Yun, also said â€Å"the economic crisis will create new business civilization. † There are many reasons to believe that the depressed economy brings us both opportunities and challenges. In conclusion, if a company can understand the environment around it well, study the consumer buying behavior carefully, and develop a appropriate marketing strategy for itself, it can certainly have chance to avoid the unfavorable factors and maintain its competitiveness, thus winning under the sit uation of economic depression and any other conditions of the economy.

The Bombing of Hiroshima essays

The Bombing of Hiroshima essays There are many events in history that have affected many different people. To me, the Bombing of Hiroshima is most significant. This event has changed the lives of many people, the thoughts of people, and many feelings of people as well as countries. The atomic bomb and its destruction of Hiroshima changed the world. I will explain what occurred in World War II that led up to Hiroshima, the aftermath of Japan, and how the world changed after the bombing. We were involved in a war called, World War II. This war began in 1939, yet Japan and the United States were not at war with each other yet. Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941. This unacceptable act allowed the United States to declare war on Japan a day later. Three years later, on Feb. 19, 1945, we invaded the island of Iwo Gima. Later we also captured the island Okinawa, which was a crucial advantage for the United States. On, August 6th 1945, we dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. Three days later, another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. On the 14th of August, Japan accepted the unconditional surrender. I believe we utilized the atomic bomb because we lost over 1.5 million soldiers, while Japan had over 9 million soldiers. That means that if we were to invade Japan we would have to basically fight every soldier we had defeated before four times over! The enormous cost of Marines lives from Okinawa, was the deciding factor in plummeting the bomb. Which is why we reduced our losses by dropping the bombs. Losing was not an option. The effects on Japan were horrible. Once the bomb was dropped, instantly 70,000 died. During the bombing an equal amount was also injured. The blast itself was not the only thing that caused deaths. Radiation from the mushroom cloud was emitted causing thousand more to die during that year. Some, who survived, died from leukemia years later. Those who survived the radiation were scarred for life, for their family, friends, and objects we...

Homophones Pail and Pale

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Case Study Discussion Paper (Organisational change & transformation) Research

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Accountability, representation & control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Kelley School of Business Essay Example for Free

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